- Research article
- Open Access
Characterisation of the Vitis viniferaPR10 multigene family
- Sylvain Lebel1,
- Paul Schellenbaum1,
- Bernard Walter1 and
- Pascale Maillot1Email author
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2229-10-184
© Lebel et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2010
- Received: 29 January 2010
- Accepted: 20 August 2010
- Published: 20 August 2010
Abstract
Background
Genes belonging to the pathogenesis related 10 (PR10) group have been studied in several plant species, where they form multigene families. Until now, such an analysis has not been performed in Vitis vinifera, although three different PR10 genes were found to be expressed under pathogen attack or abiotic stress, and during somatic embryogenesis induction. We used the complete genome sequence for characterising the whole V. vinifera PR10 gene family. The expression of candidate genes was studied in various non-treated tissues and following somatic embryogenesis induction by the auxin 2,4-D.
Results
In addition to the three V. vinifera PR10 genes already described, namely VvPR10.1, VvPR10.2 and VvPR10.3, fourteen different PR10 related sequences were identified. Showing high similarity, they form a single cluster on the chromosome 5 comprising three pseudogenes. The expression of nine different genes was detected in various tissues. Although differentially expressed in non-treated plant organs, several genes were up-regulated in tissues treated with 2,4-D, as expected for PR genes.
Conclusions
PR10 genes form a multigene family in V. vinifera, as found in birch, apple or peach. Seventeen closely related PR10 sequences are arranged in a tandem array on the chromosome 5, probably reflecting small-scale duplications during evolution. Various expression patterns were found for nine studied genes, highlighting functional diversification. A phylogenetic comparison of deduced proteins with PR10 proteins of other plants showed a characteristic low intraspecific variability. Particularly, a group of seven close tandem duplicates including VvPR10.1, VvPR10.2 and VvPR10.3 showed a very high similarity, suggesting concerted evolution or/and recent duplications.
Keywords
- Somatic Embryogenesis
- Whole Genome Duplication
- PR10 Protein
- PR10 Gene
- Concerted Evolution
Background
PR10 proteins belong to the huge family of pathogenesis related (PR) proteins ubiquitous in the plant kingdom. PR proteins were first identified as defence molecules produced in response to pathogen attack and some of them actually display an antimicrobial activity. However, numerous studies have reported their induction under a great variety of abiotic stress conditions as well as possible constitutive or developmentally regulated expression [1]. Sharing common biochemical characteristics (acidic pI, resistance to proteolytic degradation, small molecular mass) PR proteins are divided into seventeen different groups based on their primary structure, serological relationships and biological activity [2]. Most of them are extracellular, but some others are found in the cytoplasm, mainly in the vacuole. PR10 proteins present the specificity to be free in the cytoplasm and are therefore classified as intracellular PR (IPR) proteins. They are closely related to a group of major tree pollen allergens and food allergens, that belong to the Bet v 1-like superfamily [3].
PR10 genes form multigene families with low intraspecific variation and higher interspecific variation that make them interesting phylogenetic markers [4–6]. Some of them were shown to be organized in chromosome clusters [7, 8]. Characterised in a number of plant species, most PR10 genes share an open reading frame (ORF) from 456 to 489 bp interrupted by an intron of 76-359 bp at a highly conserved position [9]. This ORF codes for an acidic small protein with conserved sequence features: three amino acids E96, E148 and Y150 (as positioned in Bet v 1) possibly involved in ribonucleasic activity and two other remarkable domains comprising the motif GXGGXGXXK (aa 47-55) that forms a P-loop supposed to have NTPase activity and the Bet v 1 motif [PS00451] characteristic of proteins from the Bet v 1 superfamily [9].
The significance of multiple close copies of a gene in a single plant species has to be clarified. In birch or yellow lupine, some PR10 genes are constitutively expressed while others are induced under pathogen attack, abiotic stress or during plant development, suggesting functional diversification [10, 11]. A significant common feature of PR10 proteins is a large Y-shaped hydrophobic cavity, as shown by the determination of three-dimensional structure [3, 12–15]. This internal cavity could be responsible for the intracellular transport of apolar ligands, so diverse as fatty acids, flavonoids, cytokinins or brassinosteroids [10, 14, 16, 17]. Slight modifications of the structure and shape of this cavity would allow to bind different ligands, what could account for the diverse roles hypothesised for PR10 proteins in plant defence and development [12, 13].
To date, three different PR10 genes have been described in Vitis vinifera. VvPR10.1 was shown to be up-regulated during a pathogen interaction with Pseudomonas syringae in the cultivar Ugni blanc [18], while the expression of VvPR10.1, VvPR10.2 and VvPR10.3 was detected during somatic embryogenesis (SE) induction in the cultivar Chardonnay [19]. Moreover, several studies showed a strong and specific production of PR10 proteins in V. vinifera under salt or herbicide stress [20, 21], as well as after fungal attack [22, 23].
The recent publication of the whole genome sequence of V. vinifera by the Genoscope [24] and the Instituto Agrario San Michele all'Adige (IASMA) [25] makes genome scale analyses possible. Using these databases, we characterised all sequences of the PR10 gene family of V. vinifera and monitored the expression of nine candidate genes in various tissues and conditions.
Results
In silico identification of V. vinifera PR10related sequences
Organisation of V. vinifera PR10 related sequences in a single cluster on chromosome 5. All sequences are located between the positions 599,000 and 681,000, on the + or the - strand. Nucleotide positions are as referenced on the Genoscope website.
Characterisation and comparison of nucleotide sequences
Exon-intron structures of the seventeen PR10 related sequences. A: length of exons (bold dashes) and introns (thin dashes). B: frequency of nucleotides at the 5' and 3' putative splicing sites of introns. The size of letters is proportional to the nucleotide frequency at each position. The numbers indicate nucleotide position relatively to the first nucleotide of intron 1 (number 1 at the 5' end) or to the first nucleotide of exon 2 (number 1 at the 3' end). VvPR10.1, VvPR10.2 and VvPR10.3 respectively correspond to s16, s10 and s12.
Percentages of nucleotide similarity between the CDS of the seventeen sequences. High percentages of nucleotide similarity are highlighted in red. VvPR10.1, VvPR10.2 and VvPR10.3 respectively correspond to s16, s10 and s12. The values were obtained from sequence alignments on ClustalW.
Prediction of expression
ESTs from Vitis spp. related to the seventeen PR10 sequences
Sequence | Number of ESTs | Best results | Best results found in | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Coverage % | Similarity % | |||
VvPR10.1 | > 100 | 100 | 100 | F, L, R, Be, Bu |
VvPR10.2 | > 100 | 100 | 100 | F, L, R, Be, Bu |
VvPR10.3 | > 100 | 100 | 100 | F, L, R, Be, Bu |
s1 | 1 | 27 | 100 | Be |
s2 | 0 | |||
s3 | 52 | 100 | 99 | F, L, R, Be |
s4 | 0 | |||
s5 | 4 | 100 | 99 | F, L, R, Be |
s6 | 0 | |||
s7 | 0 | |||
s8 | 0 | |||
s9 | 0 | |||
s11 | > 100 | 100 | 99 | F, L, R, Be, Bu |
s13 | > 100 | 100 | 99 | F, L, R, Be, Bu |
s14 | > 100 | 100 | 99 | F, L, R, Be, Bu |
s15 | > 100 | 100 | 99 | F, L, R, Be, Bu |
s17 | 0 |
Predicted structures for PR10 related sequences of V. vinifera. Only sequences having canonical transcription signals are shown. The arrow indicates the transcription starting site (+1). Predicted exons are represented as black boxes and deduced introns as dashed boxes. Given positions respectively correspond to the start of the TATA-box, the transcription starting site, the first nucleotide of the CDS, the last nucleotide of exon 1, the first nucleotide of exon 2, the last nucleotide of the CDS and the first nucleotide of the poly-A signal. Predictions were performed using the GeneFinding program. VvPR10.1, VvPR10.2 and VvPR10.3 respectively correspond to s16, s10 and s12.
Characterisation of deduced PR10 proteins and phylogenetic analysis
Sequence alignment of deduced PR10 proteins. The P-loop and Bet v 1 signature are framed. A star (*) marks the amino-acids implied in possible ribonucleasic activity (E102, E149 et Y151). Alignments were performed with ClustalW. A V. vinifera specific Bet v 1 motif was determined: G-[DG]-[VA]-L-x(4)-E-[SY]-[IL]-[CSATV]-[HY]-[ED]-x-[KST]-x-[VE]-x(3)-[GNDS]-G(2)-[CS]-x(2)-K-x(2)-[SK]-X-Y. In PR10.8 and PR10.10, the last aa varies in the P-loop motif (E and T, respectively); in PR10.9, E102 is replaced by D102, the 4th aa in the P-loop motif is E, and the Bet v 1 motif presents 4 differences (out of 34 aa) at the positions 1, 6, 23 and 29; in PR10.6, there is one difference (out of 33 aa) in the Bet v1 motif (position 12).
Three-dimensional structure of V. vinifera PR10.1 represented by a ribbon diagram. The structure was predicted on an automated comparative protein modeling server using SWISS-MODEL.
Phylogenetic relationships between V. vinifera PR10 proteins and representative PR10 proteins from Betula pendula , Lupinus luteus , Malus domestica and Prunus persica. GenBank accession numbers are as follows: Betula pendula Betv1.0401 (CAA54482), Betv1.0601 (CAA54484), Betv1.1101 (CAA54694), Betv1.1301 (CAA54696), Betv1.1701 (CAA96539) and Betv1.1801 (CAA96540); Lupinus luteus LlPR10.1A (CAA56298), LlPR10.1B (CAA56299), LlPR10.2A (AAF77633), LlPR10.2B (AAF77634) and LlPR10.2E (AAP37978); Malus domestica Mald1.01 (AAX18288), Mald1.02 (AAX18291), Mald1.03A (AAX18313), Mald1.04 (AAX18294), Mald1.05 (AAX18296), Mald1.06A (AAX18299), Mald1.07 (AAX18307) and Mald1.08 (AAX18310); Prunus persica Prup1.01 (ACE80940), Prup1.02 (ACE80942), Prup1.03 (ACE80944), Prup1.04 (ACE80946), Prup1.05 (ACE80948) and Prup1.06A (ACE80952). The V. vinifera Grip61 gene (CAB85634) was included as an outgroup representative of another Bet v 1 subfamily [3]. The NJ-tree was generated with the Phylo_win program. The bootstrap value is given for each node.
Expression of V. vinifera candidate PR10genes
The possible expression of ten out of the fourteen complete PR10 sequences was assessed in various non-treated tissues of V. vinifera cv. Chardonnay, as well as during secondary somatic embryogenesis. It was not possible to design specific primers for the detection of VvPR10.1-b and -c and VvPR10.3-b and -c transcripts, because of very high similarity with VvPR10.1-a and VvPR10.3-a transcripts respectively, even in the 5' and 3' UTRs.
Expression of V. vinifera PR10 genes. A: tissue-specific expression; R = roots, S = stems, L = leaves, F = flowers. B: expression during secondary somatic embryogenesis induction; E = non-treated somatic embryos at the cotyledonary stage, E2,4-D = calli obtained from embryos treated with 2,4-D. gDNA = genomic DNA. The length of amplified sequences are given in bp.
In intact tissues, all nine PR10 genes were expressed, depending on the plant organ. In roots, the expression of all genes except VvPR10.7 was detected, although VvPR10.8 transcription was very weak. At the opposite, VvPR10.7 transcription was high in leaves, while VvPR10.5 and VvPR10.6 transcripts were not detected; all other genes were expressed at varied levels. In stems, VvPR10.2, VvPR10.3-a and VvPR10.7 were the only clearly expressed genes. Immature flowers expressed all genes except VvPR10.4 and VvPR10.9. In non-treated somatic embryos, VvPR10.1-a, VvPR10.3-a and VvPR10.8 transcripts were weakly detected, while VvPR10.2 transcription was clear.
The 2,4-D treatment of embryos used for induction of secondary somatic embryogenesis increased the expression of VvPR10.1-a, VvPR10.3-a, VvPR10.5 and VvPR10.9 but not VvPR10.2 and VvPR10.8. The expression of VvPR10.6 was also weakly stimulated. On the other hand, VvPR10.7 transcription was weakly detectable in intact embryos but not at all in tissues derived from 2,4-D-treated embryos. VvPR10.4 expression was not detected in non-treated or treated embryos.
Discussion
We found a total of seventeen PR10 related sequences in the whole V. vinifera genome. Thirteen unique sequences were retained from an automatic search that initially produced ninety regions, reflecting redundancy of the database as well as annotation errors partly due to wrong homology detection. A manual search allowed the recovery of four additional PR10 related sequences. All seventeen sequences were found in a single compact cluster on the chromosome 5. Plant PR10 belong to multigene families. There are at least five PR10 genes in pea [27], eighteen Mal d 1 genes in apple [7], ten Bet v 1 genes in birch [6], eight Fra a 1 genes in strawberry [28], six PR10 genes in Solanum surattense [29], eight in yellow lupine [11], five in rice [30], and eight Pru p 1 and Pru d 1 genes in peach and almond, respectively [8]. They were shown to form physical clusters in apple [7] and peach [8]. Poplar PR10 genes are also supposed to be grouped on chromosomes [26]. Tandem duplicates are frequent in plant genomes and represent up to 16% of Arabidopsis genes [31]. Such gene clusters are thought to be produced by successive single gene or small-scale duplications. We found that thirteen out of the seventeen V. vinifera PR10 sequences are present on the chromosome in direct orientation, suggesting that most copies were produced by unequal crossing over events, as described in Arabidopsis and rice [31].
Following duplication, new copies of a gene may undergo modifications allowing functional diversification, which is a significant source of evolutionary novelty in plants [32]. However, gene duplication mostly creates copies that are rapidly lost through pseudogenisation. As a result, from numerous homologous sequences coexisting in a genome, only a part are functional genes. From the seventeen V. vinifera PR10 sequences, only fourteen have an intact ORF. In birch, the copy number of PR10 genes varies from twelve to twenty-five, depending on the species, and pseudogenes represents as much as one-third of Betula nigra alleles [6]. In V. vinifera, the pseudogenes s7 and s9 share the highest nucleotide similarity with VvPR10.6 (s4), suggesting that they could derive from its duplication. Likewise, s6 is closer to VvPR10.5 (s5) than to all other sequences and could therefore originate from its duplication. Moreover, s6 and VvPR10.5 are also very similar at the intron level (81% of nucleotide similarity), indicative of possible recent duplication or slow pseudogenisation.
Apart from pseudogenes, sequence divergence is generally reduced in PR10 multigene families. PR10 genes within a species are generally very similar and more distant from gene copies of other plant species [4]. Such a low intraspecific variability has been observed in Passiflora [5] and in the Betula genus [6]. The different paralogs are thought to undergo strong concerted evolution which is the tendency of a family of repeated genes to jointly evolve. The close physical proximity of tandem duplicates facilitates gene conversion or unequal crossing-over events leading to concerted evolution [6]. The phylogenetic tree in Figure 7 illustrates probable concerted evolution in the V. vinifera PR10 family. However, V. vinifera PR10 proteins divide into two clades interrupted by PR10 of other plants, indicating partial independent evolution. Interestingly, the seven sequences s10 to s16 corresponding to the very homologous proteins PR10.1-A to PR10.3-C follow one another on the chromosome, what could favor concerted evolution and suggest strong local selection pressure. However, it cannot be ruled out that recent duplication events produced these seven very homologous sequences.
Grapes, as other eudicot species, probably originate from an ancient hexaploid ancestor formed through whole genome duplication (WGD) events [24, 33]. Recurrent polyploidisation is tightly linked to evolution in angiosperms, providing raw materials for gene diversification and genome refinement, and coinciding with species radiation [32]. A WGD is followed by incomplete and asymmetric loss of gene copies and chromosome rearrangements allowing the recovery of a diploid-like state compatible with effective reproduction. In Arabidopsis, it was possible to track gene pairs released by a recent specific WGD event [34]. Only 28.6% of gene pairs were retained from the transient tetraploid genome, the other pairs having lost a copy from one of the homeologous chromosomes. In V. vinifera, PR10 sequences were solely located on the chromosome 5, suggesting loss of some of the triplicate ancestral copies and/or translocation on a unique chromosome. The seventeen present PR10 sequences are most probably due to repetitive small duplications having continuously occurred during V. vinifera evolution. Subsequent mutations and possible positive selection are responsible for the observed divergence within the sequences. However, at least a part of V. vinifera PR10 sequences are probably subjected to concerted evolution, reducing variability and hampering the identification of putative triplicate ancestral copies.
We were able to detect the expression of nine out of the fourteen complete PR10 related sequences in varied non-treated and treated tissues of V. vinifera cv. Chardonnay. Three genes, i.e. VvPR10.1-a, VvPR10.2 and VvPR10.3-a, were already shown to be expressed under pathogen attack or abiotic stress, and during somatic embryogenesis induction [18, 19], whereas expression of VvPR10.4-VvPR10.9 was never studied before. VvPR10.10 transcripts were not detectable in our conditions. This sequence has no corresponding EST in the databases and lacks canonical transcription signals. However, expression could be limited to very specific tissues and/or developmental stages. Although specific ESTs in the databases suggest a probable expression of the four sequences VvPR10.1-b and -c and VvPR10.3-b and -c, the distinction of each transcription product would require more sensitive methods than PCR, such as cDNA-AFLP or SSCP, which were used for discriminate highly homologous sequences in potato, polyploid cotton and barley [35–37]. The expression of VvPR10.5, VvPR10.7 and VvPR10.8 is not surprising because well matching ESTs were found in the databases. On the contrary, no EST was found to correspond to VvPR10.4, VvPR10.6 and VvPR10.9, whose expression is therefore reported for the first time. Interestingly, VvPR10.7, VvPR10.8 and VvPR10.9 are expressed although devoid of canonical transcription signals.
We found transcripts of all nine PR10 genes in varying amounts, in the different non-treated tissues analysed, suggesting a role apart from defence. Specific expression profiles were found in intact tissues, except for VvPR10.2 and VvPR10.3-a. Stems and intact embryos expressed a reduced subset of PR10 proteins. On the contrary, immature flowers expressed a large subset of PR10 genes, suggesting a possible role of some PR10 proteins during sexual reproduction. No V. vinifera PR10 gene was solely expressed in calli derived from 2,4-D-treated embryos. However, expression of several genes was enhanced in these tissues, at least weakly. Somatic embryogenesis is generally obtained from tissues subjected to the auxin 2,4-D, which acts as a stress factor able to trigger the reprogramming of plant somatic cells towards embryogenesis [38]. As a consequence, high amounts of defence proteins are produced following a 2,4-D treatment, as shown in grapevine cultures [39]. Consistent with the results reported here, we previously showed that varied PR genes including VvPR10.1-a and VvPR10.3-a are up-regulated during secondary somatic embryogenesis induction in V. vinifera [19]. VvPR10.1 expression was also previously reported to be induced in whole plant leaves challenged with the incompatible bacterium Pseudomonas syringae [18]. Interestingly, VvPR10.4 and VvPR10.7 were not responsive to 2,4-D treatment.
On the whole, various expression patterns were found for V. vinifera PR10 genes, indicating functional diversification and possible tissue specificity. Likewise, in other plants, PR10 proteins show expression diversity suggesting various biological activities [9]. A major feature of PR10 proteins is their internal hydrophobic cavity with openings at the protein surface. Several three-dimensional modeling studies showed that this structure is suitable for the binding and transport of diverse hydrophobic ligands as brassinolides [14] or homocastasterone [12]. Some birch and yellow lupine PR10 can bind diverse molecules such as cytokinins, brassinosteroids, fatty acids and flavonoids, suggesting that they could interfere with the trafficking of hormones inside the cell [10, 16, 17]. Moreover, overexpression of a PR10 gene in pea led to a change in the ratio between cytokinins and abscisic acid, showing that the PR10 content could be relevant for intracellular hormone regulation [40]. Although all crystallographic models for PR10 proteins share the same canonical fold, their superimposition can reveal structural differences [12]. Remarkably, the volume of the internal cavity and of its openings can show some variability, what could influence the type of transported ligand. In yellow lupine, different shapes for the inducible LlPR10.1A and the constitutive LlPR10.1B could account for their different biological roles [13].
Conclusion
The availability of the complete genome sequence of V. vinifera allowed us to characterise the PR10 gene family. Seventeen different PR10 related sequences including three pseudogenes were identified and located in a single compact cluster on the chromosome 5, most probably reflecting repetitive small duplications during evolution. A phylogenetic analysis showed a characteristic low variability within the different sequences, especially within seven sequences closely located on the chromosome, suggesting probable concerted evolution. We could analyse the expression of nine genes in various tissues. Different expression patterns indicate functional specialisation. Several genes showed a typical stress induced up-regulation. Further experiments will help to elucidate the differential regulation of V. vinifera PR10 gene expression.
Methods
In silico identification of PR10 related sequences in the V. viniferagenome and characterization of candidate genes
The grapevine Genoscope database was used to identify any sequence related to PR10 genes [41]. The Genoscope Blat tool [42] and the ClustalW alignment tool of the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI) [43] were used to retrieve and compare the sequences. An automatic list produced twenty-three unique (among ninety) putative PR10 or PR10-like gene annotations. Seven annotations with no consistent homology with PR10 genes were removed. Six other annotations covered three complete sequences, from which each exon was annotated as an independent gene, suggesting that the intron splicing sites were not detected. The last ten annotations comprised seven sequences with a complete ORF, and three with a prematurely interrupted ORF. All thirteen PR10 related sequences were found to form a cluster on the chromosome 5, between the positions 604,886 and 675,550. Thoroughly examining this chromosome portion as well as its 5' and 3' extensions, we found four additional annotations with nucleotide similarity (48-71% in the ORF) to the thirteen previous sequences. The PR10 cluster was found to be limited by two putative genes not related to PR10 sequences GSVIVT00033064001 and GSVIVT00033091001.
All corresponding genome sequences originating from the Istituto Agrario San Michele all'Adige (IASMA) grapevine database were retrieved using the NCBI Blast tool [44]. They were compared to the Genoscope sequences using the ClustalW alignment tool.
The exon-intron composition of PR10 sequences was automatically determined by the Gaze program on the Genoscope website. When necessary, the position of the intron was corrected relatively to the structure of VvPR10.1 [18], and according to the 5' and 3' splicing consensus sequences NN/GT and AG/NN, respectively.
Vitis sp. ESTs were searched, using the blastn program of the NCBI database [44].
Gene structures were predicted using the Gene Finding program on the University of London bioinformatics web server [45]. The organism parameter was set on "dicots". The FGENESH method showed the position of the TATA-box, the first and last nucleotides of the exons and the position of the polyadenylation signal. The TSSP-TCM method localized the transcription initiation site (+1).
Protein sequence analysis
The putative CDS were translated using the Transeq program [46]. The PM and pI were determined using the COMPUTE program [47]. The PROSITE database [48] was used to find the Pathogenesis-related proteins Bet v 1 family signature. Three-dimensional structures were predicted on an automated comparative protein modeling server using SWISS-MODEL [49].
Phylogenetic analysis and multiple alignments
A phylogenetic tree was built using the Neighbor-Joining method, with the Phylo_win program [50]. Bootstrap values were obtained from 500 replicates. The ClustalW alignment tool was used to compare protein sequences.
Plant material
All expression studies were performed on V. vinifera plants or cultures of the cultivar Chardonnay.
We separately collected roots, stems (with nodes) and whole leaves from well developed plantlets (10-12 leaves) obtained from in vitro microcutting, as previously described [51].
Immature flowers were harvested from French vineyards, at the stage of separate flower buds.
Recurrent in vitro embryogenesis was induced from nodal explants of the V. vinifera cv. Chardonnay, as previously described [19]. Young cotyledonary somatic embryos were isolated and transferred onto a medium containing the auxin analog 2,4-D for induction of indirect secondary embryogenesis. After three weeks, an undifferentiated callus was obtained from each embryo.
Tissues were collected, frozen in liquid nitrogen and further conserved at -80°C until RNA extraction. Two independent samplings were performed.
RNA extraction and analysis
Sequences of primers used for semi-quantitative RT-PCR
Gene | GenBank | Forward primer 5'→3' | Reverse primer 5'→ 3' |
---|---|---|---|
Actin | AF369525 | TGCTATCCTTCGTCTTGACCTTG | GGACTTCTGGACAACGGAATCTC |
VvPR10.1 | AJ291705 | GAAATCATACAAGGAGAGGGAGGC | GCCAAACTTATTGAGACTGATAGGTG |
VvPR10.2 | AJ291704 | CGATCACAGTGTAGCGGAATGAGAAT | AAGCTATCAAGTGCGTGGAAGTCATT |
VvPR10.3 | EU379313 | GAAATCCTACAAGGACAGGGAGGT | CGGCCTTGGTGTGGTACTTTT |
VvPR10.4 | - | ATCCTTCCCCAAGCTATCAAG | GATTTGCCAAGAGGTAAGCC |
VvPR10.5 | - | ATCCTTGACTCTGATAACCTCA | ATGATATGAGACAAAGGAGTTTC |
VvPR10.6 | - | GTCCTTGATGTTGATAACCTC | AAGCCAAGCCTTTTAACTG |
VvPR10.7 | - | ATCGTCCCTCAGGCCATTA | AAGTGATTAAGTGGAGGAGAAGC |
VvPR10.8 | - | CTCTTGCCCCAGACCATAAG | ACATTGGACAACAGAGAAGTGAC |
VvPR10.9 | - | CAGTCAAAAGTACGCGACTCA | AAGTATAGGCGCGAGGGTGT |
VvPR10.10 | - | AATCAGTAAAGAGCATCGAGTT | AAAGTAATCACAACTCCTCGTC |
Declarations
Acknowledgements
This research was supported by the "Université de Haute Alsace" and by a doctoral fellowship from the "Ministère de l'Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche" to SL.
Authors’ Affiliations
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