Skip to main content
Download PDF
  • Research article
  • Open access
  • Published:

A diverse set of miRNAs responsive to begomovirus-associated betasatellite in Nicotiana benthamiana

BMC Plant Biology volume 14, Article number: 60 (2014) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Roles of microRNAs (miRNAs) and short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) in biotic stress responses, e.g., viral infection, have been demonstrated in plants by many studies. Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV) is a monopartite begomovirus that can systemically infect Solanaceae plants, and induces leaf curling, yellowing and enation symptoms when co-inoculated with a betasatellite (TYLCCNB). The released genome sequence of Nicotiana benthamiana provides an opportunity to identify miRNAs and siRNAs responsive to begomovirus-associated betasatellite in N. benthamiana.

Results

miRNAs were identified in three small RNA libraries generated using RNA isolated from N. benthamiana plants systemically infected with TYLCCNV (Y10A) alone, co-infected with Y10A and its betasatellite TYLCCNB (Y10β) or a TYLCCNB mutant (Y10mβ) that contains a mutated βC1, the sole betasatellite-encoded protein. A total of 196 conserved miRNAs from 38 families and 197 novel miRNAs from 160 families were identified. Northern blot analysis confirmed that expression of species-specific miRNAs was much lower than that of conserved miRNAs. Several conserved and novel miRNAs were found to be responsive to co-infection of Y10A and Y10β but not to co-infection of Y10A and Y10mβ, suggesting that these miRNAs might play a role unique to interaction between Y10β and N. benthamiana. Additionally, we identified miRNAs that can trigger the production of phased secondary siRNAs (phasiRNAs).

Conclusions

Identification of miRNAs with differential expression profiles in N. benthamiana co-infected with Y10A and Y10β and co-infected with Y10A and Y10mβ indicates that these miRNAs are betasatellite-responsive. Our result also suggested a potential role of miRNA-mediated production of phasiRNAs in interaction between begomovirus and N. benthamiana.

Background

Endogenous small RNAs, which consist of microRNAs (miRNAs) and short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), are important regulators of organ development, stress responses and genomic stability in plants [1, 2]. Roles of miRNAs and siRNAs in biotic and abiotic stress responses, e.g., viral infection, have been demonstrated in plants by many studies [2]. miRNAs downregulated or upregulated in plants infected with virus, such as miR156, miR158, miR159, miR160, miR164, miR168, miR171, miR172, miR319, miR398 and miR1885, might play a role in interactions between virus and plants [3–10]. Plant endogenous siRNA-mediated gene silencing was found to be involved in plant biotic stress, for example, bacteria-induced nat-siRNAATGB2 regulates R-gene mediated plant immunity [11]. Rice stripe virus infection enhanced the accumulation of phased miRNAs from a particular precursor [12].

Plant miRNAs can trigger the production of phased secondary siRNAs (phasiRNAs) from either non-coding (e.g., TAS) or protein-coding genes (e.g. NBS-LRR genes). Trans-acting siRNAs (tasiRNAs) are distinctive siRNAs, which are generated from TAS transcripts in 21-nucleotide (nt) phases in relative to the miRNA cleavage site. They act in trans to regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. Biogenesis of tasiRNAs is triggered by interaction of miRNA(s) at single or dual ends of the precursor TAS transcripts [13]. There are at least eight TAS loci that belong to four TAS families (TAS1–TAS4) in Arabidopsis and four TAS3 loci have been identified in rice [13–15]. Recent studies demonstrated that plant genomes are rich in phased siRNA (phasiRNA)-producing loci, or PHAS genes [16–19], and may harbor hundreds of these loci in protein-coding genes [15, 20–23]. For example, a batch of 21-nt and 24-nt phasiRNAs triggered by miR2118 and miR2275, respectively, were identified in the developing inflorescence of rice [18]. Biogenesis of phasiRNAs and their roles in posttranscriptional regulation have been well discussed in a recent review [24].

Geminiviruses are a group of single-stranded DNA viruses that cause devastating economic losses worldwide. Four genera (Mastrevirus, Begomovirus, Curtovirus and Topocuvirus) have been classified according to genome organizations, host ranges and transmission vectors, with Begomovirus being the most numerous and geographically wide-spread [25]. Begomoviruses have either monopartite or bipartite genomes. In the past decade, several studies have shown that many monopartite begomoviruses have acquired a betasatellite, formerly called DNAβ, and βC1, the sole betasatellite-encoded protein, plays essential roles in symptom induction, in suppression of transcriptional and posttranscriptional gene silencing, and also involves in suppression of selected jasmonic acid responses [25–29]. Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV) is a monopartite begomovirus associated with a betasatellite (TYLCCNB). TYLCCNV alone produced asymptomatic infection in Nicotiana benthamiana and tomato plants. TYLCCNB is essential for induction of leaf curl symptoms in these host plants when co-infected with TYLCCNV. TYLCCNB mutants unable to express the βC1 protein abolished its ability to induce typical symptoms in plants when co-inoculated with TYLCCNV [27]. In our previous study, we identified TYLCCNV- and TYLCCNB-derived siRNAs by deep sequencing small RNAs from systemically infected N. benthamiana plant leaves and found that viral transcript might act as RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RDR) substrates resulting in secondary siRNA production [30]. However, plant miRNA profiles regulated by TYLCCNB remain largely unknown. Recent release of the draft genome sequence of N. benthamiana [31] provides an opportunity to identify miRNAs and siRNAs from the host plant and investigate expression changes of host miRNAs and siRNAs in response to viral infection. In this study, we identified N. benthamiana miRNAs based on the draft genome and our previously generated small RNA datasets using N. benthamiana plants infected with begomovirus, and found a number of miRNAs, including a few putative phasiRNA triggers, were responsive to co-infection of TYLCCNV and TYLCCNB but not to TYLCCNV and a mutated TYLCCNB in N. benthamiana.

Results

Identification of miRNAs in N. benthamiana

The N. benthamiana plant leaves systemically infected with TYLCCNV (Y10A) alone (P1), or co-infected with TYLCCNV and its betasatellite TYLCCNB (Y10β; P2) or a TYLCCNB mutant (Y10mβ; P3) were harvested for RNA extraction and small RNA sequencing [30]. In the 12.2 million small RNA reads or 7.3 million unique reads from N. benthamiana leaves, a total of 7.2 million reads or 5.6 million unique reads could be mapped to the N. benthamiana genome (Additional file 1: Table S1). Using the approach described in the Methods and based on BLAST search against the public miRNA database (miRBase, Release 19), we identified a total of 196 conserved miRNAs from 38 families in the N. benthamiana genome (Additional file 2: Table S2). Meanwhile, a total of 197 novel miRNAs from 160 families were also identified (Additional file 3: Table S3). A further search (BLASTn with < 1e-3) of these novel mature miRNA sequences against the small RNA populations from N. tabacum recently generated by us [32] showed that 42 novel N. benthamiana miRNAs is conserved in N. tabacum. Target prediction indicated 147 (91.9%) novel miRNAs had at least one potential target (Additional file 3: Table S3). Expression of two novel miRNAs, Nbe-miR70 and Nbe-miR145, together with the conserved miR159 could be detected by Northern blot, although the expression levels of the two novel miRNAs were much lower than that of miR159 (Figure 1), consistent with the well known phenomenon for lowly expressed non-conserved miRNAs.

Figure 1
figure 1

Novel Nicotiana benthamiana miRNAs responsive to TYLCCNV/TYLCCNB infection. (A) and (B) Precursors of two novel N. benthamiana miRNAs, Nbe-miR70 and Nbe-miR145. (C) Northern blot analysis of expression of Nbe-miR70 and Nbe-miR145 in N. benthamiana plants infected by TYLCCNV alone (Y10A or P1), together with TYLCCNB (Y10β or P2) or mutated TYLCCNB (Y10mβ or P3). Conserved miR159 was used as a miRNA control.

Full size image

Identification of putative phasiRNA triggers

Based on the draft genome of N. benthamiana and the algorithm described by Howell et al. [17] (see Methods for the details), we found that over thousands of loci were able to generate 21-nt and 24-nt phasiRNAs (phase score > 1.4). Of these phasiRNA loci, miRNA binding site(s) could be predicted in at least 157 of 21-nt and 296 of 24-nt phasiRNA loci (within the region with phased small RNA reads and their two flanking 200-nt regions), suggesting that these miRNAs are putative phasiRNA triggers in N. benthamiana (Additional file 4: Table S4). For these potential phasiRNA triggers or phase registers, their putative cleavage sites (between positions 10 and 11 in the predicted miRNA target sites) were all located at a phase position. A total of 62 conserved miRNAs from 24 families which could bind to PHAS loci were found, e.g., miR156 and miR482 (Table 1). More than 300 PHAS loci seem to be triggered by N. benthamiana or Nicotiana-specific miRNAs, such as Nbe-miR2 (Additional file 4: Table S4). One example was shown in Figure 2, in which Nbe-miR113, a novel N. benthamiana miRNA, was predicted to trigger production of 21-nt phased small RNAs in a N. benthamiana gene. In addition to non-coding transcript, such as TAS genes, many protein-coding genes were also identified as miRNA-triggered PHAS loci in N. benthamiana (Additional file 4: Table S4), including some loci targeted by conserved miRNAs, such as miR156 and miR482 (Table 1), which have been shown to generate phasiRNAs from protein-coding genes in several recent studies [15, 20–23, 33, 34]. When an extremely strict phase score (> 20) was applied, 1 and 13 loci generating 21-nt and 24-nt phasiRNAs, respectively, could still be identified.

Table 1 Selected miRNAs (including some as PHAS trigger) with differentially expression changes in response to co-infection of TYLCCNV and TYLCCNB in N. benthamiana
Full size table
Figure 2
figure 2

Nbe-miR113 triggered phasiRNA production in an NBS-LRR gene (Niben044Scf0002438) in N. benthamiana . (A) The alignment between miRNA and its target. Two dots indicate matches. (B) The small RNA abundances and phasing score distributions across Niben044Scf0002438.

Full size image

Expression profiles of miRNAs responsive to co-infection of TYLCCNV/ TYLCCNB

Previous reports showed that some miRNAs were differentially expressed after virus infection [8, 10]. In this study, our focus was on the miRNAs responsive to betasatellite (TYLCCNB) associated with TYLCCNV, i.e. those with a similar expression level in plants infected with TYLCCNV (Y10A) and co-infected with TYLCCNV and a mutated TYLCCNB (i.e. Y10A + Y10mβ) but with an up- or down-regulated expression level in plants co-infected with TYLCCNV and a functional TYLCCNB (i.e. Y10A + Y10β). With the criteria of 1.7-fold changes in Y10A + Y10β versus both Y10A and Y10A + Y10mβ and RPM (reads per million) ≥ 10 in at least one of the three samples, we found that among the conserved miRNAs, miR160, miR164, miR397 and miR398 were up-regulated whereas miR169, miR391 and miR827 were down-regulated in responsive to TYLCCNB, and that among the novel miRNAs, Nbe-miR8, Nbe-miR70, Nbe-miR107, Nbe-miR124 and Nbe-miR134 were up-regulated whereas Nbe-miR2, Nbe-miR3 and Nbe-miR142 were down-regulated in responsive to TYLCCNB (Table 1; Additional file 5: Table S5). Up-regulation of Nbe-miR70 was confirmed by northern blot (Figure 1). In addition, down-regulation of miR4376 observed in plants co-infected with TYLCCNV and a functional TYLCCNB, i.e. Y10A + Y10β, was also confirmed by the northern blot results; consequently, an up-regulation of its target gene ACA10 (autoinhibited Ca2+-ATPase 10) was detected by RT-qPCR (Figure 3; Additional file 5: Table S5).

Figure 3
figure 3

Expression of miR4376 and its target ( ACA10 ) mRNA in three different cDNA libraries of N. benthamiana . (A) Alignment of miR4376 with its target ACA10. (B) Northern blotting of miR4376 in N. benthamiana plants infected by TYLCCNV alone (Y10A or P1), together with TYLCCNB (Y10β or P2) or mutated TYLCCNB (Y10mβ or P3). (C) Expression of ACA10 in various treatments measured by Real-time qPCR. Error bars represent standard deviation determined with three biological replicates.

Full size image

The majority of miRNAs had a similar expression level in N. benthamiana plants systemically infected with TYLCCNV alone (P1) and co-infected with TYLCCNV and a mutant betasatellite TYLCCNB (P3) (Additional file 5: Table S5), confirming an un-functional βC1 in the mutated TYLCCNB. This result also suggests that the aforementioned miRNAs that were responsive to betasatellite most likely indeed have a role in interaction between begomovirus and N. benthamiana. Interestingly, some of the differentially expressed miRNAs, such as miR391, miR397 and miR398, were putative triggers of phasiRNA production (Table 1).

Discussion

The involvement of miRNAs in diverse biotic responses (viral, bacterial and fungal) has been demonstrated by recent studies [2]. Our study confirmed that the expression of host miRNAs (such as miR391, miR397 and miR398) is affected in response to betasatellite. There are at least two different kinds of miRNAs: one is suppressed by the viral suppressors of RNA silencing (VSRs) while another is involved in anti-pathogen (virus) by regulating plant innate immune receptors or hormone signaling pathway. Viral encoded proteins interfere with host RNAi pathways and thus distort the normal cellular activities [8]. They can bind directly to host miRNAs and therefore making non-function of RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). miRNAs are key regulatory molecules in diverse biological processes in plants, for example, miR164, miR159/319 for leaf development [1]. Apparently, the typical leaf curl symptoms in N. benthamiana induced by co-infection of TYLCCNV and its betasatellite TYLCCNB could be caused by deregulation of those differentially accumulated miRNAs in responsive to betasatellite (Table 1). The differentially down-regulated miR4376 in N. benthamiana plants co-infected with TYLCCNV and TYLCCNB was predicted to target an ACA gene and could also be involved in leaf development, because a recent study showed that miR4376 targets ACA10 gene and plays a critical role in tomato reproductive growth [22]. In addition, the miRNAs, such as miR160, that were up-regulated in plants co-infected with TYLCCNV and a mutated TYLCCNB but the up-regulation level was much smaller than that in plants co-infected with TYLCCNV and a functional TYLCCNB could also have a role in response to betasatellite.

Recent studies demonstrated a role of miRNA-mediated phasiRNA pathway in diverse biological processes, including pathogen resistance [15, 20–23, 34]. For example, miR482/2118-mediated cleavage of disease resistance NBS-LRR genes not only plays an important role in non-race specific disease resistance but triggers production of phased small RNAs that are able to regulate the expression of their targets in trans [15, 21]. Upon pathogen infection, the expression level of miR482 was down-regulated and consequently its targets, NBS-LRR genes, were up-regulated [21, 34]. miR482/2118 belongs to a specific type of miRNA that generated from pre-miRNAs containing asymmetric bulges in the miRNA/miRNA* duplex and has been demonstrated to be the trigger for production of phased 21-nt secondary small RNAs from their target transcripts through the RDR6/DCL4 pathway [34]. Therefore, miR482/2118-mediated cleavage of target disease resistance genes is expected to cause both decay of their target mRNAs and production of phased secondary small RNAs from the target genes, such as shown in tomato, cotton and Medicago truncatula [15, 21, 34]. Furthermore, at least one of the secondary small RNAs generated from a miR482 targeted NBS-LRR gene has been shown to target mRNA encoding another defense-related protein [21], indicating that the secondary small RNAs generated from protein-coding genes can behave like TAS loci in Arabidopsis [34]. In this study, the expression level of miR482 was up-regulated in N. benthamiana plants co-infected with TYLCCNV and TYLCCNB compared to plants infected with TYLCCNV alone, which is in contrast with previous observation. Meanwhile, this up-regulation of miR482 was also observed in plants co-infected with TYLCCNV and a mutated TYLCCNB (Additional file 5: Table S5). Therefore, more investigation is required to understand the function of miR482 in response to betasatellite. In addition to miR482, several other betasatellite-responsive miRNAs, such as miR397 and miR398, were potential triggers of phasiRNAs (Additional file 4: Table S4), suggesting that both these miRNAs and the phasiRNAs generated from targets of these miRNAs could play a role in interaction between begomovirus and N. benthamiana.

Conclusions

A total of 196 conserved miRNAs and 197 novel miRNAs were found in the genome of N. benthamiana. Among them, several showed a differential expression pattern in N. benthamiana plants co-infected with TYLCCNV and TYLCCNB and co-infected with TYLCCNV and a mutated TYLCCNB, suggesting a role of these miRNAs in interaction between the betasatellite associated with begomovirus and N. benthamiana plants. In addition, our study showed that several of these differentially expressed miRNAs were potential triggers for production of phasiRNAs.

Methods

Small RNA and genomic data

Three sets of small RNA populations (accession number: GSE26368) from N. benthamiana were generated in our previous study using high-throughput sequencing technology [30]. In short, N. benthamiana plant leaves systemically infected with Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV) alone (P1), co-infected with TYLCCNV and its associated betasatellite (TYLCCNB) (P2) or mutated TYLCCNB (P3) were sampled and used in sRNA cDNA library construction. The sRNA libraries were sequenced using high-throughput sequencing technology. Draft genomic sequences of N. benthamiana were downloaded from http://solgenomics.net (Niben.genome.v0.4.4) [31].

Annotation of miRNAs and loci generating phasiRNAs

All small RNA data were processed by a suite of perl scripts. Clean reads were mapped to the N. benthamiana genome sequences. Reads mapped to house-keeping noncoding RNAs (e.g., rRNA, tRNA, snRNA, snoRNA) were excluded for further analysis. Our previous bioinformatic pipeline designed following the criteria previously described by Meyers et al. [35] was applied in miRNA annotation [36]. Prediction of stem-loop structure was performed by the Vienna RNA package [37]. Candidates (pre-miRNAs) with an ideal hairpin structure containing the pair of small RNAs that are able to form a miRNA::miRNA* duplex with less than 4 mismatches and 2-nt of 3′ overhangs were selected. Targets of miRNAs were predicted by searching against the coding regions of the N. benthamiana genome using psRNATarget (http://plantgrn.noble.org/psRNATarget/) [38] with the default settings (maximum expectation: 3.0; length for complementary scoring: 20 bp; target accessibility - allowed maximum energy to unpair the target site: 25.0; flanking length around target site for target accessibility analysis: 17 bp in upstream and 13 bp in downstream; range of central mismatch leading to translational inhibition: 9–11 nt). PHAS loci were identified using the algorithm

(where n = number of phase cycle positions occupied by at least one small RNA read within an eight-cycle window, and k = the total number of reads for all small RNAs with consolidated start coordinates in a given phase within an eight-cycle window) described by Howell et al. [17] and our previous studies [19, 32]. miRNAs that bind to PHAS loci within the regions generating phased small RNA reads or their flanking 200-nt regions were considered as putative phasiRNA triggers. In these PHAS loci, the putative miRNA cleavage sites (between positions 10 and 11 in the predicted miRNA target sites) were always found at a position corresponding to a phase register.

Northern blot analysis of miRNAs

Total RNA was extracted from systemically-infected N. benthamiana leaves using Trizol Reagents following the manufacturer’s instructions (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). A total of 15–30 μg low molecular weight (LMW) RNA, isolated by Polyethyleneglycol (molecular weight 8000, PEG8000) and NaCl [39], was separated on a denaturing 15% polyacrylamide denaturing gels and transferred to Hybond N+ membrane. After being cross-linked by UV radiation, the Hybond membrane was hybridized with biotin-labeled DNA probes complementary to candidate miRNA sequences at 42°C overnight. Post hybridization washes were performed twice using 1X SSC and 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at 42°C for 15 min. Hybridization signals were detected with stabilized streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate supplemented in Chemiluminescent Nucleic Acid Detection Module (Thermo, Pierce) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. To confirm equal loading of the gels, U6 was selected as internal control and blots were also hybridized with a DNA probe complementary to U6.

Real-time quantification of miRNA target

One μg of DNase I-treated total RNA was reverse transcribed using AMV Reverse Transcriptase (Takara, Dalian, China) following the manufacturer’s instructions. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed using SYBR Green PCR supermix (Roche, Mannheim, Germany) in a Lightcycler® Real-time PCR system (Roche) as described [30]. Three independent biological replicates were conducted and the relative expressions of miRNA target gene were normalized using the CT values obtained for the internal control GADPH. Analysis was carried out using Lightcycler® 480 software supplemented by the manufacturer (Roche).

Abbreviations

miRNA:

microRNA

siRNA:

Short interfering RNA

phasiRNA:

Phased, secondary siRNA

NBS:

Nucleotide binding site

tasiRNA:

Trans-acting siRNA.

References

  1. Bartel DP: MicroRNAs: genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function. Cell 2004,116(2):281-297. 10.1016/S0092-8674(04)00045-5

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Khraiwesh B, Zhu JK, Zhu J: Role of miRNAs and siRNAs in biotic and abiotic stress responses of plants. Biochim Biophys Acta 2012,1819(2):137-148. 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2011.05.001

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Amin I, Patil BL, Briddon RW, Mansoor S, Fauquet CM: A common set of developmental miRNAs are upregulated in Nicotiana benthamiana by diverse begomoviruses. Virol J 2011, 8:143. 10.1186/1743-422X-8-143

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Bazzini AA, Hopp HE, Beachy RN, Asurmendi S: Infection and coaccumulation of tobacco mosaic virus proteins alter microRNA levels, correlating with symptom and plant development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007,104(29):12157-12162. 10.1073/pnas.0705114104

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Guo W, Liew JY, Yuan YA: Structural insights into the arms race between host and virus along RNA silencing pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana . Biol Rev 2013. DOI: 10.1111/brv.12057

    Google Scholar 

  6. He XF, Fang YY, Feng L, Guo HS: Characterization of conserved and novel microRNAs and their targets, including a TuMV-induced TIR-NBS-LRR class R gene-derived novel miRNA in Brassica . FEBS Lett 2008,582(16):2445-2452. 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.06.011

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Kasschau KD, Xie Z, Allen E, Llave C, Chapman EJ, Krizan KA, Carrington JC: P1/HC-Pro, a viral suppressor of RNA silencing, interferes with Arabidopsis development and miRNA unction. Dev Cell 2003,4(2):205-217. 10.1016/S1534-5807(03)00025-X

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Naqvi AR, Haq QM, Mukherjee SK: MicroRNA profiling of tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (tolcndv) infected tomato leaves indicates that deregulation of mir159/319 and mir172 might be linked with leaf curl disease. Virol J 2010, 7:281. 10.1186/1743-422X-7-281

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Navarro L, Jay F, Nomura K, He SY, Voinnet O: Suppression of the microRNA pathway by bacterial effector proteins. Science 2008,321(5891):964-967. 10.1126/science.1159505

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Pacheco R, Garcia-Marcos A, Barajas D, Martianez J, Tenllado F: PVX-potyvirus synergistic infections differentially alter microRNA accumulation in Nicotiana benthamiana . Virus Res 2012,165(2):231-235. 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.02.012

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Katiyar-Agarwal S, Gao S, Vivian-Smith A, Jin H: A novel class of bacteria-induced small RNAs in Arabidopsis. Genes Dev 2007,21(23):3123-3134. 10.1101/gad.1595107

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Du P, Wu J, Zhang J, Zhao S, Zheng H, Gao G, Wei L, Li Y: Viral infection induces expression of novel phased microRNAs from conserved cellular microRNA precursors. PLoS Pathog 2011,7(8):e1002176. 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002176

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Allen E, Xie Z, Gustafson AM, Carrington JC: microRNA-directed phasing during trans-acting siRNA biogenesis in plants. Cell 2005,121(2):207-221. 10.1016/j.cell.2005.04.004

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Shen D, Wang S, Chen H, Zhu QH, Helliwell C, Fan L: Molecular phylogeny of miR390-guided trans-acting siRNA genes (TAS3) in the grass family. Plant Syst Evol 2009,283(1–2):125-132.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Zhai J, Jeong DH, De Paoli E, Park S, Rosen BD, Li Y, Gonzalez AJ, Yan Z, Kitto SL, Grusak MA, Jackson SA, Stacey G, Cook DR, Green PJ, Sherrier DJ, Meyers BC: MicroRNAs as master regulators of the plant NB-LRR defense gene family via the production of phased, trans-acting siRNAs. Genes Dev 2011,25(23):2540-2553. 10.1101/gad.177527.111

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Heisel SE, Zhang Y, Allen E, Guo L, Reynolds TL, Yang X, Kovalic D, Roberts JK: Characterization of unique small RNA populations from rice grain. PLoS One 2008,3(8):e2871. 10.1371/journal.pone.0002871

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Howell MD, Fahlgren N, Chapman EJ, Cumbie JS, Sullivan CM, Givan SA, Kasschau KD, Carrington JC: Genome-wide analysis of the RNA-DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE6/DICER-LIKE4 pathway in Arabidopsis reveals dependency on miRNA- and tasiRNA-directed targeting. Plant Cell 2007,19(3):926-942. 10.1105/tpc.107.050062

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Johnson C, Kasprzewska A, Tennessen K, Fernandes J, Nan GL, Walbot V, Sundaresan V, Vance V, Bowman LH: Clusters and superclusters of phased small RNAs in the developing inflorescence of rice. Genome Res 2009,19(8):1429-1440. 10.1101/gr.089854.108

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Liu Y, Wang Y, Zhu QH, Fan L: Identification of phasiRNAs in wild rice ( Oryza rufipogon ). Plant Signal Behav 2013,8(8):e25079. 10.4161/psb.25079

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Li F, Pignatta D, Bendix C, Brunkard JO, Cohn MM, Tung J, Sun H, Kumar P, Baker B: MicroRNA regulation of plant innate immune receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012,109(5):1790-1795. 10.1073/pnas.1118282109

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Shivaprasad PV, Chen HM, Patel K, Bond DM, Santos BA, Baulcombe DC: A microRNA superfamily regulates nucleotide binding site-leucine-rich repeats and other mRNAs. Plant Cell 2012,24(3):859-874. 10.1105/tpc.111.095380

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Wang Y, Itaya A, Zhong X, Wu Y, Zhang J, van der Knaap E, Olmstead R, Qi Y, Ding B: Function and evolution of a MicroRNA that regulates a Ca2+-ATPase and triggers the formation of phased small interfering RNAs in tomato reproductive growth. Plant Cell 2011,23(9):3185-3203. 10.1105/tpc.111.088013

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Xia R, Zhu H, An YQ, Beers EP, Liu Z: Apple miRNAs and tasiRNAs with novel regulatory networks. Genome Biol 2012,13(6):R47. 10.1186/gb-2012-13-6-r47

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Fei Q, Xia R, Meyers BC: Phased, secondary, small interfering RNAs in posttranscriptional regulatory networks. Plant Cell 2013,25(7):2400-2415. 10.1105/tpc.113.114652

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Zhou X: Advances in understanding begomovirus satellites. Annu Rev Phytopathol 2013, 51:357-381. 10.1146/annurev-phyto-082712-102234

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Cui X, Li G, Wang D, Hu D, Zhou X: A Begomovirus DNAbeta-encoded protein binds DNA, functions as a suppressor of RNA silencing, and targets the cell nucleus. J Virol 2005,79(16):10764-10775. 10.1128/JVI.79.16.10764-10775.2005

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Cui X, Tao X, Xie Y, Fauquet CM, Zhou X: A DNAbeta associated with Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus is required for symptom induction. J Virol 2004,78(24):13966-13974. 10.1128/JVI.78.24.13966-13974.2004

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Yang JY, Iwasaki M, Machida C, Machida Y, Zhou X, Chua NH: betaC1, the pathogenicity factor of TYLCCNV, interacts with AS1 to alter leaf development and suppress selective jasmonic acid responses. Genes Dev 2008,22(18):2564-2577. 10.1101/gad.1682208

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Yang X, Xie Y, Raja P, Li S, Wolf JN, Shen Q, Bisaro DM, Zhou X: Suppression of methylation-mediated transcriptional gene silencing by betaC1-SAHH protein interaction during geminivirus-betasatellite infection. PLoS Pathog 2011,7(10):e1002329. 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002329

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Yang X, Wang Y, Guo W, Xie Y, Xie Q, Fan L, Zhou X: Characterization of small interfering RNAs derived from the geminivirus/betasatellite complex using deep sequencing. PLoS One 2011,6(2):e16928. 10.1371/journal.pone.0016928

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Bombarely A, Rosli HG, Vrebalov J, Moffett P, Mueller LA, Martin GB: A draft genome sequence of Nicotiana benthamiana to enhance molecular plant-microbe biology research. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2012,25(12):1523-1530. 10.1094/MPMI-06-12-0148-TA

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Tang S, Wang Y, Li Z, Gui Y, Xiao B, Xie J, Zhu QH, Fan L: Identification of wounding and topping responsive small RNAs in tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum ). BMC Plant Biol 2012, 12:28. 10.1186/1471-2229-12-28

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Windels D, Vazquez F: miR393: integrator of environmental cues in auxin signaling? Plant Signal Behav 2011,6(11):1672-1675. 10.4161/psb.6.11.17900

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Zhu Q, Fan L, Liu Y, Xu H, Llewellyn D, Wilson I: MiR482 regulation of NBS-LRR defense genes during fungal pathogen infection in cotton. Plos One 2013,8(12):e84390. 10.1371/journal.pone.0084390

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Meyers BC, Axtell MJ, Bartel B, Bartel DP, Baulcombe D, Bowman JL, Cao X, Carrington JC, Chen X, Green PJ, Griffiths-Jones S, Jacobsen SE, Mallory AC, Martienssen RA, Poethig RS, Qi Y, Vaucheret H, Voinnet O, Watanabe Y, Weigel D, Zhu JK: Criteria for annotation of plant MicroRNAs. Plant Cell 2008,20(12):3186-3190. 10.1105/tpc.108.064311

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Wang Y, Bai X, Yan C, Gui Y, Wei X, Zhu QH, Guo L, Fan L: Genomic dissection of small RNAs in wild rice ( Oryza rufipogon ): lessons for rice domestication. New Phytol 2012,196(3):914-925. 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04304.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Hofacker I, Fontana W, Stadler P, Bonhoeffer L, Tacker M, Schuster P: Fast folding and comparison of RNA secondary structures. Monatsh Chem 1994,125(2):167-188. 10.1007/BF00818163

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Dai X, Zhao PX: psRNATarget: a plant small RNA target analysis server. Nucleic Acids Res 2011,39(Web Server issue):W155-159.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Mette MF, Aufsatz W, van der Winden J, Matzke MA, Matzke AJ: Transcriptional silencing and promoter methylation triggered by double-stranded RNA. EMBO J 2000,19(19):5194-5201. 10.1093/emboj/19.19.5194

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank Dr Qian-Hao Zhu (CSIRO Plant Industry, Australia) for critical reading of the manuscript. This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (31200117) and Yunnan Provincial Tobacco Company (08A05/2011YN04).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences and China Tobacco Breeding Research Center at Yunnan, Yuxi, 653100, China

    Bingguang Xiao, Xiuping Lu & Yongping Li

  2. Department of Agronomy & James D. Watson Institute of Genome Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China

    Xiuling Yang, Chu-Yu Ye, Yang Liu, Chenhai Yan, Yu Wang & Longjiang Fan

  3. State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China

    Xiuling Yang

Authors
  1. Bingguang Xiao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Xiuling Yang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Chu-Yu Ye
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Yang Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Chenhai Yan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Yu Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Xiuping Lu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Yongping Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Longjiang Fan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Bingguang Xiao, Xiuling Yang, Chu-Yu Ye, Yang Liu, Chenhai Yan, Yu Wang, Xiuping Lu, Yongping Li or Longjiang Fan.

Additional information

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

BX and LF conceived the study. XY performed experimental validation of miRNAs and RT-qPCR analysis. C-Y Y, YL, CY and YW identified miRNAs and phasiRNAs and performed expression analysis. LF, BX, XL, and YL discussed the data. LF, XY and C-Y Y wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Electronic supplementary material

12870_2013_1484_MOESM1_ESM.docx

Additional file 1: Table S1: Statistics of small RNAs which can be mapped to the N. benthamiana genome. The N. benthamiana plant leaves systemically infected with TYLCCNV alone (P1), or together with betasatellite TYLCCNB (P) or with mutant TYLCCNB (P3) were harvested for RNA extraction and small RNA sequencing. (DOCX 17 KB)

12870_2013_1484_MOESM2_ESM.xlsx

Additional file 2: Table S2: Detailed information of conserved miRNAs identified in N. benthamiana by this study. (XLSX 109 KB)

12870_2013_1484_MOESM3_ESM.xlsx

Additional file 3: Table S3: Detailed information of novel miRNAs identified in N. benthamiana by this study. (XLSX 128 KB)

Additional file 4: Table S4: Detailed information of miRNAs as putative PHAS triggers in N. benthamiana. (XLSX 88 KB)

12870_2013_1484_MOESM5_ESM.xlsx

Additional file 5: Table S5: List of miRNAs with significant expression changes in N. benthamiana after TYLCCNV affection. (XLSX 18 KB)

Rights and permissions

This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Xiao, B., Yang, X., Ye, CY. et al. A diverse set of miRNAs responsive to begomovirus-associated betasatellite in Nicotiana benthamiana. BMC Plant Biol 14, 60 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2229-14-60

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2229-14-60

Keywords

BMC Plant Biology

ISSN: 1471-2229

Contact us