From: Plant volatile emission depends on the species composition of the neighboring plant community
Compounds | Control | Herbivory | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 sp. (T) | 2 spp. | 3 spp. (TDG) | TG | TD | T (1 sp.) | 2 spp. | 3 spp. (TDG) | TG | TD | |
Monoterpenes | ||||||||||
 (Z)-β-ocimene | 1.5 ± 0.6 | 3.9 ± 1.3 | 4.4 ± 1.5 | 6.5 ± 2.2 | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 2.2 ± 1.0 | 3.4 ± 0.6 | 6.1 ± 1.4 | 3.9 ± 0.9 | 2.7 ± 0.8 |
 (E)-β-ocimene | 6.8 ± 2.3 | 18.8 ± 4.8 | 23.6 ± 4.7 | 7.6 ± 2.2 | 30.1 ± 6.9 | 13.4 ± 6.0 | 17.3 ± 3.4 | 33.4 ± 8.2 | 11.0 ± 1.4 | 24.9 ± 5.9 |
 Tricyclene | – | 2.2 ± 0.9 | 1.6 ± 0.7 | 4.4 ± 1.3 | – | – | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 2.3 ± 0.5 | 2 ± 0.7 | – |
 α-Pinene | 0.2 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 2.0 ± 0.6 | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 0.1 ± 0.1 |
 Camphene | – | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 0.5 ± 0.2 | – | – | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | – |
 β-pinene | – | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | – | – | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.2 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | – |
 Myrcene | – | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 3.5 ± 1.4 | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 1.9 ± 0.8 | – | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 1.9 ± 0.6 | 0.2 ± 0.2 | 1.6 ± 0.8 |
 Limonene | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 2.0 ± 0.6 | 4.3 ± 1.4 | 0.4 ± 0.2 | 3.7 ± 0.8 | 0.3 ± 0.3 | 0.7 ± 0.3 | 2.2 ± 0.5 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.6 |
 Linalool | – | 0.5 ± 0.3 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 0.2 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.6 | 1.1 ± 1.0 | 0.6 ± 0.4 | 0.7 ± 0.4 | – | 1.4 ± 0.7 |
Sesquitepene | ||||||||||
 (E)-β-Caryophyllene* | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 3.5 ± 1.8 | 3.8 ± 1.0 | 5.9 ± 3.3 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 1.6 ± 0.8 | 3.0 ± 0.6 | 9.7 ± 2.1 | 3.5 ± 0.9 | 2.5 ± 0.9 |
 (E)-β-Farnesene | – | 2.2 ± 1.4 | 1.8 ± 1.2 | 4.3 ± 2.6 | – | – | 0.4 ± 0.3 | 3.7 ± 2.0 | 0.8 ± 0.5 | – |
 cucurmene | – | 1.7 ± 1.4 | 0.5 ± 0.2 | 3.4 ± 2.7 | – | – | 1.3 ± 1.0 | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 2.4 ± 1.7 | – |
 Germacrene D | – | 2.8 ± 1.6 | 4.2 ± 2.9 | 5.7 ± 2.8 | – | – | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 5.9 ± 1.4 | 2.1 ± 0.4 | 0.1 ± 0.1 |
 (E,E)-α-Farnesene | 0.7 ± 7 | 2.7 ± 1.2 | 6.1 ± 2.2 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 5.2 ± 1.8 | – | 1.9 ± 1.1 | 6.1 ± 2.4 | – | 4.2 ± 1.9 |
Homoterpenes | ||||||||||
 DMNT* | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.4 ± 0.2 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 0.3 ± 0.3 | 0.5 ± 0.2 | 2.1 ± 1.3 | 1.5 ± 0.3 | 2.2 ± 0.7 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.7 ± 0.6 |
GLVs | ||||||||||
 (Z)-3-Hexenyl acetate | 17 ± 13 | 109 ± 50 | 153 ± 81 | 28 ± 21 | 190 ± 90 | 17 ± 15 | 34 ± 17 | 120 ± 43 | 4 ± 2 | 70 ± 31 |
Other volatiles | ||||||||||
 1-Octen-3-ol | – | 1 ± 0.3 | 2.6 ± 0.7 | – | 2.0 ± 0.3 | – | 0.9 ± 0.4 | 2.2 ± 0.6 | – | 1.9 ± 0.4 |
 Octly-acetate | – | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.2 | – | 0.4 ± 0.2 | 0.5 ± 0.4 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.4 | 0.6 ± 0.2 |
 Nonanal | 1.8 ± 0.7 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.6 ± 0.7 | 0.9 ± 0.5 | 1.9 ± 0.6 | 1.9 ± 1.1 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.6 ± 0.6 | 1.6 ± 0.5 | 1.0 ± 0.3 |
 Benzyl alcohol | 1.9 ± 1.0 | 2.5 ± 1.1 | 8.1 ± 2.8 | 1.1 ± 0.7 | 4.0 ± 1.9 | 1.0 ± 0.7 | 1.8 ± 0.8 | 12.2 ± 7.7 | 0.4 ± 0.3 | 3.5 ± 1.5 |
 Unknown | 0.5 ± 0.2 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.5 | 0.5 ± 0.2 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.2 | 0.6 ± 0.3 |
 MESA | – | 0.4 ± 0.3 | 0.3 ± 0.3 | – | 0.8 ± 0.6 | – | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.5 | – | 0.6 ± 0.3 |
Total | 31 ± 14 | 159 ± 55 | 225 ± 90 | 73 ± 35 | 244 ± 96 | 42 ± 20 | 73 ± 22 | 215 ± 50 | 35 ± 6 | 118 ± 40 |