Skip to main content

Advertisement

  • Research article
  • Open Access

The essence of NAC gene family to the cultivation of drought-resistant soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) cultivars

BMC Plant BiologyBMC series – open, inclusive and trusted201717:55

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-017-1001-y

©  The Author(s). 2017

  • Received: 21 October 2016
  • Accepted: 13 February 2017
  • Published:

Abstract

Background

The NAC gene family is notable due to its large size, as well as its relevance in crop cultivation – particularly in terms of enhancing stress tolerance of plants. These plant-specific proteins contain NAC domain(s) that are named after Petunia NAM and Arabidopsis ATAF1/2 and CUC2 transcription factors based on the consensus sequence they have. Despite the knowledge available regarding NAC protein function, an extensive study on the possible use of GmNACs in developing soybean cultivars with superior drought tolerance is yet to be done.

Results

In response to this, our study was carried out, mainly through means of phylogenetic analysis (rice and Arabidopsis NAC genes served as seeding sequences). Through this, 139 GmNAC genes were identified and later grouped into 17 clusters. Furthermore, real-time quantitative PCR was carried out on drought-stressed and unstressed leaf tissues of both sensitive (B217 and H228) and tolerant (Jindou 74 and 78) cultivars. This was done to analyze the gene expression of 28 dehydration-responsive GmNAC genes. Upon completing the analysis, it was found that GmNAC gene expression is actually dependent on genotype. Eight of the 28 selected genes (GmNAC004, GmNAC021, GmNAC065, GmNAC066, GmNAC073, GmNAC082, GmNAC083 and GmNAC087) were discovered to have high expression levels in the drought-resistant soybean varieties tested. This holds true for both extreme and standard drought conditions. Alternatively, the drought-sensitive cultivars exhibited lower GmNAC expression levels in comparison to their tolerant counterparts.

Conclusion

The study allowed for the identification of eight GmNAC genes that could be focused upon in future attempts to develop superior soybean varieties, particularly in terms of drought resistance. This study revealed that there were more dehydration-responsive GmNAC genes as (GmNAC004, GmNAC005, GmNAC020 and GmNAC021) in addition to what were reported in earlier inquiries. It is important to note though, that discovering such notable genes is not the only goal of the study. It managed to put emphasis on the significance of further understanding the potential of soybean GmNAC genes, for the purpose of enhancing tolerance towards abiotic stress in general. This scientific inquiry has also revealed that cultivar genotypes tend to differ in their drought-induced gene expression.

Keywords

  • Drought stress
  • NAC transcription factor
  • Real-time quantitative PCR
  • Soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr)

Background

Being an excellent source of protein and calcium (surpassing other major staples such as wheat and sorghum), soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr) is generally considered the most valuable legume variety. Aside from being produced for human consumption, the plant is used to feed livestock – hence further increasing its significance as a food source [1, 2]. Moreover, its oil is used in biodiesel production [2, 3]. In 2015 and 2016, soybean yield worldwide is estimated at 320.15 million metric tons [4].

Still, like other crops, soybean is normally exposed to a myriad of stress factors, ranging from the biotic (organism-induced) to the abiotic (environmental causes) [5]. Without proper management or sufficient tolerance, stresses can limit plant development and thus affect overall yield [6]. Among stress factors though, droughts brought forth by climate change have become among the most concerning, and are expected to adversely affect soybean production around the world in the years to come [6, 7]. Thus, it is important to choose cultivars with the highest drought tolerance to address this expected threat to proteins and food security [8].

The NAC transcription factor family is a big group of proteins, which are named after three important proteins, Petunia No Apical Meristem (NAM), Arabidopsis transcription activation factors (ATAF1 and ATAF2) and Cup-shaped cotyledon 2 (CUC2) [9, 10]. NAM is essential in the Petunia plant’s embryo development and flower pattern formation [11]. In Arabidopsis, CUC2 is vital to embryo, flower, and apical meristem growth [12], while ATAF1 and ATAF2 are known to be responsive to stress factors [13–16]. The NAM domain content of these NAC genes covers N-terminus subdomains A to E [17, 18]. Subdomains B and E are flexible, while the rest are highly conserved [19].

Several plant species already have identified NAC gene numbers. Grape (Vitis vinifera) has 74 [20], pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) has 88 [21], Arabidopsis has 117 [22], foxtail millet (Setaria italica) has 147 [23], rice (Oryza sativa) has 151 [22], soybean (Glycine max) has 152 [24], and Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis) has 204 [25]. Based on studies, NAC genes are involved in various developmental processes in plants [10, 15]. These developmental processes encompass stress responses [19, 20], hormone signaling [18], fruit ripening [17], leaf senescence [26], organ formation and development [27], and apical meristem development [10, 15].

NAC transcription factors are relevant in both abscisic acid (ABA) dependent and independent pathways in drought stress signaling [28, 29]. This was first revealed in the discovery of multiple stress-responsive genes in Arabidopsis, namely ANAC019, GmNAC055, and GmNAC072. The overexpression of the aforementioned genes led to enhanced drought tolerance [30, 31]. In rice, one notable NAC gene is SNAC1, which is vital to drought stress signaling in guard cells. The overexpression of SNAC1 improves the drought tolerance of transgenic varieties [32]. OsNAC10, a root-specific transcription factor, is another noteworthy NAC. Overexpression of this gene enhances drought tolerance and provides another valuable benefit – increased grain production (under normal circumstances) [33]. SNAC2/OsNAC6, Os045, and Os063 are other genes in rice whose overexpression boosts tolerance to abiotic stress factors (such as salinity, drought and cold) [34–37].

Shifting focus towards soybean, Meng et al. [38] recognized the first six GmNAC genes (designated 1 to 6). The expressions of GmNAC1-6 under osmotic stress were examined [39]. A more comprehensive research on GmNAC genes in soybean was conducted later on. In the said study, 9 of the 31 GmNAC genes tested were affected by abiotic stress factors, such as ABA treatments, high salinity, cold, and/or dehydration [40].

In 2011, Le et al. carried out another inquiry on soybean GmNAC genes, in which 152 full-length GmNAC transcription factors (inclusive of 11 membrane-bound transcription factors) were identified [23]. The researchers also discovered that out of the 38 GmNAC genes tested, six were repressed and 25 induced twice as much or more upon being subjected to dehydration treatment under real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) [23]. The same group of GmNAC genes also showed differences in drought-responsive expressions within the same tissue, at different developmental stages, and in different tissues at the same developmental stage [41].

Due to the recognized role of NAC transcription factors in various physiological and biological processes, a more comprehensive study of the NAC gene family in soybean was done. This was to establish the possible application of the said genes in creating highly drought-tolerant transgenic cultivars. The research involved a total of 28 GmNAC genes from drought-sensitive (B217 and H228) and drought-tolerant (Jindou74 and 78) soybean varieties. It was hypothesized that the varying expression of GmNAC genes might have an impact on drought tolerance. Furthermore, the possible correlation between GmNACs and tolerance degrees was looked into.

Results and discussions

Identification of NAC Transcription factors and phylogenetic analysis of NAC genes in soybean, Arabidopsis, and rice

NAC transcription factors in soybean were identified using Phytozome v.10.2 database using BLAST search technique and two well-known NAC proteins from rice and Arabidopsis were used as query sequences. During the search, the presence of NAC domain was found and confirmed and furthermore redundant sequences were removed. Non-redundant putative NAC genes which were identified in soybean genome were 139 GmNACs.

From the alignments of predicted NAC proteins, phylogenetic tree was constructed and GmNAC001 to GmNAC139 were designated in accordance with the tree. These listings are shown in Additional file 1. In these GmNACs genes, the coding proteins were composed of 190 to 378 amino acids in length. For every orthologous which is found in rice and Arabidopsis, two or more soybean NAC genes were found in most of the cases. Additional file 2 contains detailed information along with accession numbers regarding NAC family genes present in rice and Arabidopsis.

Phylogenetic relationships exists between NAC family proteins in Arabidopsis, rice and soybean and for clarification of these complex relationships, an unrooted tree can be constructed using NAC protein sequences from rice, Arabidopsis and soybean. Most of the groups obtained from the results were similar to previous phylogenetic analyses [42, 43]. All the NAC members were clustered in the phylogenetic tree into 17 groups and this is shown in (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1
Fig. 1

Phylogenetic analysis of NAC proteins from Arabidopsis, rice and soybean. A total of 139 NACs from soybean, 78 NACs from Arabidopsis and 32 NACs from rice were used to construct the NJ tree with 1000 bootstrap based on the full length protein sequences of NACs. The NAC proteins are grouped into 17 distinct groups

GmNAC geness are as diverse as NAC proteins and in 16 groups there was unequal distribution of 139 GmNACs was found. In Group IV no member of GmNACs was present. In the phylogenetic analysis of Arabidopsis and rice this similar formula was observed [18, 42], which indicates that either this group is acquired in rice and Arabidopsis or is lost in soybean plant after their common ancestors went through the process of divergence. Move over in rice and Arabidopsis plants, certain specific roles are played by these NACs and for studying the relationship between different plant species understanding of characteristics of these groups is important.

Usually similar functions are performed by the genes which have a close evolutionary relationship. Predicting the functions of gene is important in many functional studies and polygenetic analysis can be used for this purpose. Furthermore study of phylogenetic relationships is effective for prediction of stress-related functional genes [24, 42]. From the phylogenetic tree, it can be established that GmNAC100, GmNAC101, GmNAC102, GmNAC103 GmNAC118 and GmNAC119 might play important part in the formation and development of shoot apical meristem as these are combined together in single with CUC1 and CUC3 [44, 45]. OsNAC52, ANAC017, ONAC063, GmNAC004, GmNAC005, GmNAC116 and GmNAC117 which are combined together in a single group are responsible for drought tolerance and oxidative stress in transgenic plants [36, 37, 46].

A close evolutionary relationship is shown by GmNAC020 and GmNAC021 with ANAC096. ABF2 and ABF4 functions synergistically with ANAC096 and through their combined function plants can survive under osmotic stress and dehydration [47]. GmNAC064 to GmNAC082 are orthologous with ORE1/ANAC092/AtNAC2, NAC047, OsNAC1, ANAC072/RD26, ANAC019, OsNAC9, OsNAC6, ANAC032, ANAC055 and ANAC102 and their functions in plants is to respond to stress conditions thereby resulting in improved yield in different stress conditions such as limited water [30, 34, 48–51]. From GmNAC128 to GmNAC139, VNDs (including VND1-VND7) and NSTs (including NST1, NST2, NST3/SND1) combined together in a single group are considered as regulators in vascular vessel development [52]. In Group XVI, OsNAC10 and ANAC042 are present and they are responsible for oxidative stress response functions [33, 53]. From GmNAC008 to GmNAC009 were orthologues to VN12 which functions in environmental stress responses and senescence and also interacts with gemeniviral replication initiator protein [54]. Drought-resistance response is inducted by GmNAC040, GmNAC041, GmNAC042, GmNAC043, NTL6 and NTL9 which are combined together in a single group and lead senescence is also affected by this drought-resistance response [55, 56]. For cold response and co-ordination of flowering time, an important role is played by GmNAC046, GmNAC047, GmNAC052, GmNAC053 and LOV1 which are clustered in one group [57]. These results indicated different possible functions which are performed by NAC genes in the soybean plant.

Structural and motifs analysis of GmNAC genes

During the evolution period of multigene families, the structure of gene was commonly diversified and this facilitates the evolutionary co-option of genes for adopting different new functions in accordance with changes in the environment [21]. For in-depth investigation of structure of soybean NAC genes, we analyzed conserved motifs and intron/exon distribution according to the phylogenetic relationships (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2
Fig. 2

Phylogenetic relationships, gene structure and motif compositions of soybean NAC genes. a Multiple alignments of 139 full length proteins of NAC genes from Soybean were executed by MEGA 6.0 to construct the phylogenetic tree by the Neighbour-Joining (NJ) method with 1,000 bootstrap replicates. MEGA6.0 by the Neighbor-Joining (NJ) method with 1,000 bootstrap replicates. b Exon/intron structures of NAC genes from Soybean. Exons and introns are represented by blue, yellow boxes and black lines, respectively. c Schematic representation of the conserved motifs in the NAC proteins from Soybean elucidated by MEME. Each motif is represented by a colored box. The black lines represent the non-conserved sequences. Refer to Additional file 3 for the details of individual motif

The analysis of gene structure indicates that introns present in GmNACs genes varies from 1 to 7 and this is similar to banana, in which the number of introns vary from 0 to 6. [58]. Nevertheless, the introns in cotton and rice vary from 0 to 9 and 0 to 16 respectively [21, 59]. Through these results it is suggested that there exist small diversity in the gene structure of GmNACs genes when compared to NAC genes present in cotton and rice. It was also found that in 94 of 139 GmNAC genes two introns were present. In cotton, rice and banana this phenomena was observed and two introns were present in majority of NAC genes [21, 58, 59]. Nuruzzaman et al. [21] suggested that in rice the intron loss is faster compared to intron gain after the process of segmental duplication. Furthermore, 7 introns are present in GmNAC039, and exon-intron structure is similar in most of the GmNAC members which are present in the same group. In each group and close evolutionary relationship are supported by the conserved intron numbers.

For further examination of diverse structure of soybean NAC proteins, MEME program along with subsequent annotation with InterPro was used and 20 conserved motifs were identified and predicted (Fig. 2). In all the GmNACs there were at least 5 of the 7 main motifs present (motif 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 10). These motifs were annotated as no apical meristem (NAM) or as NAC domain, and therefore all soybean NACs which are identified in the study possessed conserved features which are present in the NAC family. The conserved motifs which are present in the N-region of the NAC proteins provides functions for DNA-binding and this indicated that these motifs are very important for proper functioning of NAC proteins and Singh et al. [60] observed a similar phenomenon for NACs present in potato. The motif number 19 was particularly found in 4 genes only. Moreover Motif 1 was similar to one present in CUC3 gene which is involved in leaf development and abiotic stress responses [45]. In the AtSOGI motifs 7 and 10 were found which provides response to DNA damage [61]. In the VNDs of Arabidopsis NAC genes Motif 9 and 16 were found and these were also associated with regulation of xylem vessel for example AtVND4, AtVND5, AtVND2, AtVND6 and also performed functions in biosynthesis of vessels [52]. Similar motif composition is shared by NAC proteins which are combined together in a same group and this indicates that members present is same group possess similar functionalities.

Differential expression profiles of the 139 GmNAC genes using previous results of previous studies

The productivity of soybean is severely affected by drought stress and abiotic stress and therefore study of genes of this crop important to increase crop yield. The research conducted by Dung et al. (2011) [23] indicated that among 152 GmNACs having putative full-length open reading frame, about fifty stress-related genes have been predicted using phylogenetic analyses of ANAC, GmNAC and ONAC families. According to the results of their study seven of our 139 GmNAC genes (namely GmNAC033, 064, 065, 068, 066, 067and 069) were found ubiquitously in all eight tissues, while 22 genes were found expressed strongly in stressed leaves as shown (Additional file 4). Silico analysis of GmNACs was conducted in the study along with rice and Arabidopsis counterparts and similar NAC architecture was revealed [23]. These results indicate that the stress-related NAC genes are differentially expressed spatially and temporally in response to abiotic stresses.

Later on, the study of Dung Tien Le et al. [41] indicated that our 139 GmNAC genes displayed different expression profiles in soybean leaves at V6 and R2 stages under drought stress as shown in (Fig. 3). Among these genes, GmNAC005, GmNAC040, GmNAC041, GmNAC064, GmNAC065, GmNAC070, GmNAC071, GmNAC072, GmNAC073, GmNAC086, GmNAC087 and GmNAC093 genes were upregulated at both V6 and R2 stages with at least two-fold change (drought vs. well-water). Interestingly, Nguyen Phuong Thao, et al. [62] suggested that among our 139 GmNAC genes, GmNAC064, GmNAC065, GmNAC070, GmNAC071, GmNAC072 and GmNAC111 genes were not only drought-inducible but also highly upregulated in soybean roots of drought-tolerant cultivar with at least two-fold change (unstressed vs. stressed conditions).
Fig. 3
Fig. 3

Differential expression data of 139 GmNAC genes in V6 and R2 leaves under drought stress. Genes shown are either up-regulated or down-regulated at least by two-fold; the colors indicate expression intensity (red, high expression; green, low expression; grey, no expression). 66 K Affymetrix Soybean Array GeneChip source: Dung Tien Le et al. [41] see Additional file 7

In the above discussion, different biological aspects of GmNAC TFs have been identified and it can be considered that there is a need of future follow-up studies for improving the understanding of different regulatory functions performed by NAC members. If the operations of TFs are made understandable to greater extends then this understanding can be translated into potential application for increasing plant productivity.

Predicted GmNAC genes and dehydration stress: analysis of expression patterns among drought-tolerant and drought-sensitive soybean cultivars

As previously discussed, dehydration stress has altered expression of many GmNAC genes in the soybean leaves [23, 41]. Pinpointing the specific function of genes is of great importance in agriculture and other related industries. It is, after all, through such means that superior cultivars could be developed with great accuracy. In this study, the goal was to gather information on gene expression patterns in relation to dehydration stress, potentially revealing genes that could allow for new drought-tolerant varieties to be engineered. The study involved the analysis of 28 predicted stress-related GmNAC genes, mainly done through qRT-PCR. As to be expected, gene-specific primers were utilized (Additional file 5), and the samples were subjected to simulated drought conditions.

Despite being subjected to the same conditions, though as to be expected, the drought-tolerant and drought-sensitive cultivars had different phenotypic expressions in response to drought. Both H288 and B217 (drought-sensitive varieties) exhibited wilting at a much greater extent compared to the Jindou 74 and 78 (drought-tolerant varieties). The impact on growth was also much more prominent on the former pair than on the latter. These effects became more noticeable as the experiment progressed, and the differences were most evident upon reaching the eighth day (Additional file 6). As for gene expression, the GmNAC genes analyzed were expressed differently among drought-tolerant and drought-sensitive cultivars (Fig. 4). The drought-tolerant varieties (which include Jindou 74 and 78) exhibited high expression levels for GmNAC004, GmNAC021, GmNAC065, GmNAC066, GmNAC073, GmNAC082, GmNAC083 and GmNAC087. The drought-sensitive cultivars (B217, H228), on the other hand, were detected to have lower expressions for the aforesaid genes. Do note that this trend was observed in both extreme drought and standard stress setups. Interestingly, the Jindou varieties still maintained higher expressions for all genes mentioned so far, even under non-stress conditions. Although associated with higher expression in more genes while under drought stress (24 out of 28 GmNAC genes to be exact), the Jindou varieties failed to match H228 and B217’s expression for GmNAC067, GmNAC072, and GmNAC080 under normal conditions (Fig. 4).
Fig. 4
Fig. 4

Expression of 28 selected dehydration-inducible GmNAC genes in leaf tissues of soybean plants. qPCR analysis of the selected genes of drought sensitive (B217, H228) and drought tolerant (Jindou74 and 78) cultivars under normal (ck.) and drought (dr.) conditions. Error bars above means denote LSD value of three replicates. Different alphabetical letters (a, b, c…) above means show the significant differences (LSD < 0.05) among treatments of a cultivar at control and 8 days after drought. Error bars above means denote LSD value of three biological replicates

Furthermore, the drought-linked GmNAC genes (GmNAC004, GmNAC021, GmNAC065, GmNAC066, GmNAC073, GmNAC082, GmNAC083 and GmNAC087) were found to be inducible regardless of drought sensitivity of cultivars, although in both drought and non-drought conditions, such genes showed greater transcript levels in the Jindou or drought-tolerant soybean varieties than that in drought-sensitive varieties. The same set of genes were also upregulated throughout different stages of leaf growth. The results suggest that these genes may play conserved roles in leaf growth and in plant responses to drought stresses.

Conclusion

Based on the data gathered throughout the course of the study, it may be said that drought tolerance is influenced by the expression of certain GmNAC genes, particularly GmNAC004, GmNAC021, GmNAC065, GmNAC066, GmNAC073, GmNAC082, GmNAC083 and GmNAC087. It is crucial to mention, however, that only three among the six have been previously known to be connected to drought. It may also be concluded that there is a correlation between gene expression, transcriptional regulation, and superior tolerance to drought, as seen from the different stages of leaf development across tolerant and sensitive cultivars. All in all, the study has revealed a number of potential gene candidates that could be given focus by those attempting to develop soybean cultivars with even greater drought tolerance.

Methods

Identification of soybean NAC genes

Putative NAC proteins in G. Max were identified by a BLAST search at Phytozome v 10.0 [63] using well known NAC proteins from Arabidopsis and rice as guidance for the criterion of the gene without NAC. The NAM domains were expelled from the analysis. The database of Arabidopsis and rice were extracted from the National Centre for Biotechnology Information [64]. The search was based upon NAC transcription factor as a key word. Approximately 400 protein sequences were carried out. Upon removal of the putative, redundant, and unknown sequences, a total of 110 NACs from Arabidopsis and rice remained. All candidate GmNACs that contained at least one NAC domain (PF02365) were confirmed using SMART [65] and Pfam [66] online software. Lastly, 139 non-redundant and complete NAC-domain containing protein sequences were selected for further analysis. The genes and corresponding Gene bank accession numbers for Arabidopsis and rice are listed in Additional file 2.

Phylogenetic analysis

The finalized 139 G. Max protein sequences that contained NAC-domain, 78 Arabidopsis NAC proteins, and 32 rice NAC proteins sequences in FASTA format were aligned for the construction of an un-rooted phylogenetic tree by the neighbor-joining method. The confidence level of the monophyletic groups was estimated using a bootstrap analysis of 1000 replicates. A multiple sequence alignment (MSA) and phylogenetic analysis were performed using quicktree [67]. Finally, the evolutionary tree is designed by MEGA6 or figtree. The NAC protein sequences of the phylogenetic tree are listed in Additional file 8.

We utilized the Gene structure display server program GSDS [68] in order to show the exon/intron structure of each GmNAC gene by comparison of the coding sequences with their corresponding genomic sequences from Phytozome.

A MEME 4.10.1 program utility [69] was used for the display of motifs and sequence logos of the GmNAC proteins from soybean [70]. The parameters were set as:

  • Motif Count: Search for 20 motifs

  • Occurrence of a single motif: 0 to 1 occurrence per sequence of a contributing motif site

  • Motifs width range: between 6 and 50 wide - inclusive

All motifs discovered by MEME were annotated by adopting Interpro [71] and SMART [64]. The transmembrane domain into the NAC proteins was expected via the ARAMEMNON plant membrane protein database [72]. Motif information was listed in Additional file 3.

Plant materials, growth conditions and treatments

Four soybean varieties viz., (Jindou74 and 78) drought tolerant and (H228 and B217) drought sensitive were sown in each pot on 10 May 2015. Most of the seedlings emerged within 7 days after sowing. Plants of each pot received adequate watering regularly to maintain optimal soil moisture until the water stress treatment was imposed. Plants of all the genotype were subjected to two levels of water regime viz., ck: Non-stress (Control); water was applied when it is required and dr: Drought stress throughout the growing period; while the plant has two trifolium leaves, they were affected to drought stress by holding water. For Quantitative real-time RT-PCR, leaves of v2 growth phase were collected from control plant and plant with eight days of drought treatment as appearance of wilting symptom was clearly observed comparing with the control plant, and the results are shown at Additional file 6.

RNA isolation and cDNA synthesis

Pre-frozen leaves of control and stress samples were ground to a fine powder in liquid nitrogen; and total RNA was isolated using the TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The obtained RNA concentration and purity were measured using a spectrophotometer (NanoDrop, ND-1000), and contaminating DNA in the total RNA was degraded using RNase-free DNase, according to the manufacturer’s instructions. High-quality 2 μg RNA was utilized to obtain the first strand of cDNAs from each sample synthesis kit (M-MLV, China), according to the manufacturer’s protocol. The quality of the cDNA and contamination with genomic DNA were examined using (NanoDrop, ND-1000) and a standard PCR assay with primers of the β-actin soybean gene.

Quantitative real-time PCR and statistical analyses

cDNA was diluted 1:10 with ddH2O for (qRT-PCR) assay, Gene-specific primers were designed for the 28 GmNACs genes, according to their predicted CDS and gene structure using PrimerQuest IDT (http://www.idtdna.com/primerquet/home/index/). Quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qPCR) was performed on a qPCRsoft V 3.0. Using NI – ROX DYE I according to the manufacturer’s protocol the reaction mixture contained 10 μL of SYBR Green I Master Mix (Applied Biosystems), 0.8 μm of each primer and 2 μL diluted template cDNA. The qPCR assays were performed with three replicates. The amplification programs the following cycling condition: 95 °C for 3 min, 45 cycles of 95 °C for 10 s, 58 °C for 30 s, and 72 °C for 30 s. each sample had three replicates to ensure the accuracy of results, and reaction mixtures with β -actin of glyma templates were used as controls to evaluate the specificity of each real-time PCR. The relative gene expression levels were determined by the ΔΔCT method as described previously [73]. The genes ID with specific primers information were listed in Additional file 5.

Statistical analysis

The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three independent replicates. Each replicate was consisted of four pots. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used for analyzing the data statistically. For the significant difference, a margin of 5% probability level was used utilizing Statistix 8.1 (Analytical Software, Tallahassee, FL, USA) software.

Abbreviations

ANAC, AtNAC : 

Arabidopsis NAC

cDNA: 

Denotes complementary DNA. cDNA is synthesized or manufactured from an mRNA (messenger RNA template)

CDS: 

Coding DNA sequence that portion of a gene’s DNA or RNA, composed of exons, that code for protein

Gm : 

Glycine Max

HSFs: 

Heat stress transcription factors

NAC : 

NAM, ATAF1/2 and CUC transcription factors

NST : 

NAC secondary wall thickening promoting factor

ONAC, OsNAC : 

Oryza sativ NAC

QRT-PCR: 

Quantitative real-time PCR

SND : 

Secondary wall-associated NAC domain protein

TFs: 

Transcription factors

TR: 

Transcriptional regulatory

VND : 

Vascular-related NAC- domain

Declarations

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to the support from National key laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement.

Funding

This study was supported by CSC (No: 2012760010) and Huazhong Agricultural University Scientific & Technological Self-innovation Foundation (2015RC014).

Availability of data and materials

The data sets supporting the results of this article are included within the article and its additional files.

Author’s contributions

RMH designed the experiments; performed research; analyzed data and wrote the paper. MA helped in soybean materials collection. XF especially overlooked at bioinformatics part. Dr. XL supervises the research and revised the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Authors’ Affiliations

(1)
State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People’s Republic of China
(2)
Tishreen University, Faculty of Agriculture, Crop Field Department, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria
(3)
National Key Lab of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life science and Technology, Bioinformatics Lab, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People’s Republic of China

References

  1. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAOSTAT. Rome, Italy. FAO (2009). Available at: http://faostat.fao.org (Accessed 3 Dec 2009).
  2. Soybean Production (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations—FAO) [(Accessed on 15 Oct 2013)]. Available online: http://faostat3.fao.org/faostat-gateway/go/to/download/Q/QC/E.
  3. Tran LS, Quach TN, Guttikonda SK, Aldrich DL, Kumar R, Neelakandan A, Valliyodan B, Nguyen HT. Molecular characterization of stress-inducible GmNAC genes in soybean. Mol Genet Genomics. 2009;281(6):647–64.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). World soybean production 2016/2017. https://www.worldsoybeanproduction.com/.
  5. Mohammad M. Abiotic and biotic stresses in soybean production, soybean production: Book, Volume 1. 2016. p. 53–77. ISBN: 978-0-12-801536-0.Google Scholar
  6. Dai A. Increasing drought under global warming in observations and models. Nat Climate Change. 2013;3:52–8. doi:10.1038/nclimate1811.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  7. Foyer C H, Lam HM., Nguyen HT, Siddique KHM, Varshney R, et al. Neglecting legumes has compromised global food and nutritional security. Nat Plants 2016 (in press).Google Scholar
  8. Ku Y-S, Au-Yeung W-K, Yung Y-L, Li M-W, Wen C-Q, Liu X, et al. Drought stress and tolerance in soybean. In: Board JE, editor. A comprehensive survey of international soybean research - genetics, physiology, agronomy and nitrogen relationships. New York: InTech; 2013. p. 209–37.Google Scholar
  9. Sablowski RWM, Meyerowitz EM. A homolog of NO APICAL MERISTEM is an immediate target of the floral homeotic genes APETALA3/PISTILLATA. Cell. 1998;92:93–103. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80902-2.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Souer E, van Houwelingen A, Kloos D, Mol J, Koes R. The No Apical Meristem gene of petunia is required for pattern formation in embryos and flowers and is expressed at meristem and primordia boundaries. Cell. 1996;85:159–70.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. Jensen MK, Hagedorn PH, de Torres-Zabala M, Grant MR, Rung JH, Collinge DB, et al. Transcriptional regulation by a NAC (NAM-ATAF1,2-CUC2) transcription factor attenuates ABA signalling for efficient basal defence towards Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 2008;56:867–80. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03646.x.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. Aida M, Ishida T, Fukaki H, Fujisawa H, Tasaka M. Genes involved in organ separation in Arabidopsis: an analysis of the cup-shaped cotyledon mutant. Plant Cell. 1997;9(6):841–57.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
  13. Delessert C, Kazan K, Wilson IW, Van Der Straeten D, Manners J, Dennis ES, Dolferus R. The transcription factor ATAF2 represses the expression of pathogenesis-related genes in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 2005;43(5):745–57.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. Lu PL, Chen NZ, An R, Su Z, Qi BS, Ren F, Chen J, Wang XC. A novel drought-inducible gene, ATAF1, encodes a NAC family protein that negatively regulates the expression of stress-responsive genes in Arabidopsis. Plant Mol Biol. 2007;63(2):289–305.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. Wang X, Basnayake BM, Zhang H, Li G, Li W, Virk N, Mengiste T, Song F. The Arabidopsis ATAF1, a NAC transcription factor, is a negative regulator of defense responses against necrotrophic fungal and bacterial pathogens. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2009;22(10):1227–38.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. Kikuchi K, Ueguchi-Tanaka M, Yoshida KT, Nagato Y, Matsusoka M, Hirano HY. Molecular analysis of the NAC gene family in rice. Mol Gen Genet. 2000;262:1047–51. doi:10.1007/pl00008647.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. Duval M, Hsieh TF, Kim SY, Thomas TL. Molecular characterization of AtNAM: a member of the Arabidopsis NAC domain superfamily. Plant Mol Biol. 2002;50:237–48. doi:10.1023/a:1016028530943.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. Ooka H, Satoh K, Doi K, Nagata T, Otomo Y, Murakami K, et al. Comprehensive analysis of NAC family genes in Oryza sativa and Arabidopsis thaliana. DNA Res. 2003;10:239–47. doi:10.1093/dnares/10.6.239.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. Wang N, Zheng Y, Xin H, Fang L, Li S. Comprehensive analysis of NAC domain transcription factor gene family in Vitis vinifera. Plant Cell Rep. 2013;32:61–75. doi:10.1007/s00299-012-1340-y.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  20. Satheesh V, Jagannadham PTK, Chidambaranathan P, Jain PK, Srinivasan R. NAC transcription factor genes: genome-wide identification, phylogenetic, motif and cis-regulatory element analysis in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.). Mol Biol Rep. 2014;41:7763–73. doi:10.1007/s11033-014-3669-5.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. Nuruzzaman M, Manimekalai R, Sharoni AM, Satoh K, Kondoh H, Ooka H, et al. Genome-wide analysis of NAC transcription factor family in rice. Gene. 2010;465:30–44. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2010.06.008.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  22. Puranik S, Sahu PP, Mandal SN BVS, Parida SK, Prasad M. Comprehensive genome-wide survey, genomic constitution and expression profiling of the NAC transcription factor family in foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.). PLoS One. 2013;8:e64594. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0064594.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
  23. Le DT, Nishiyama R, Watanabe Y, Mochida K, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Tran LS. Genome-wide survey and expression analysis of the plant-specific NAC transcription factor family in soybean during development and dehydration stress. DNA Res. 2011;18:263–76. doi:10.1093/dnares/dsr015.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
  24. Liu TK, Song XM, Duan WK, Huang ZN, Liu GF, Li Y, et al. Genome-wide analysis and expression patterns of NAC transcription factor family under different developmental stages and abiotic stresses in Chinese cabbage. Plant Mol Biol Rep. 2014;32:1041–56. doi:10.1007/s11105-014-0712-6.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  25. Yamaguchi M, Ohtani M, Mitsuda N, Kubo M, Ohme-Takagi M, Fukuda H, et al. VND-INTERACTING2, a NAC domain transcription factor, negatively regulates xylem vessel formation in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 2010;22:1249–63. doi:10.1105/tpc.108.064048.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
  26. Guo YF, Gan SS. AtNAP, a NAC family transcription factor, has an important role in leaf senescence. Plant J. 2006;46:601–12. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313x.2006.02723.x.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  27. Hao YJ, Wei W, Song QX, Chen HW, Zhang YQ, Wang F, et al. Soybean NAC transcription factors promote abiotic stress tolerance and lateral root formation in transgenic plants. Plant J. 2011;68:302–13. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04687.x. pmid:21707801.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  28. Shan W, Kuang JF, Chen L, Xie H, Peng HH, Xiao YY, et al. Molecular characterization of banana NAC transcription factors and their interactions with ethylene signalling component EIL during fruit ripening. J Exp Bot. 2012;63:5171–87. doi:10.1093/jxb/ers178.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
  29. Nambara E, Marion-Poll A. Abscisic acid biosynthesis and catabolism. Annu Rev Plant Biol. 2005;56:165–85.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  30. Bu QY, Jiang HL, Li CB, Zhai QZ, Zhang JY, Wu X, et al. Role of the Arabidopsis thaliana NAC transcription factors ANAC019 and ANAC055 in regulating jasmonic acid-signaled defense responses. Cell Res. 2008;18:756–67. doi:10.1038/cr.2008.53.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  31. Tran LS, Nakashima K, Sakuma Y, Simpson SD, Fujita Y, Maruyama K, et al. Isolation and functional analysis of Arabidopsis stress inducible NAC transcription factors that bind to a drought responsive cis-element in the early responsive to dehydration stress 1 promoter. Plant Cell. 2004;16:2481–98.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
  32. Hu H, Dai M, Yao J, Xiao B, Li X, Zhang Q, et al. Overexpressing a NAM, ATAF, and CUC (NAC) transcription factor enhances drought resistance and salt tolerance in rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103:12987–92.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
  33. Jeong JS, Kim YS, Baek KH, Jung H, Ha SH, Do Choi Y, et al. Root-specific expression of OsNAC10 improves drought tolerance and grain yield in rice under field drought conditions. Plant Physiol. 2010;153:185–97. doi:10.1104/pp.110.154773.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
  34. Nakashima K, Tran LS, Van Nguyen D, Fujita M, Maruyama K, Todaka D, Ito Y, Hayashi N, Shinozaki K, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K. Functional analysis of a NAC-type transcription factor OsNAC6 involved in abiotic and biotic stress-responsive gene expression in rice. Plant J. 2007;51:617–30.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  35. Hu H, You J, Fang Y, Zhu X, Qi Z, Xiong L. Characterization of transcription factor gene SNAC2 conferring cold and salt tolerance in rice. Plant Mol Biol. 2008;67:169–81.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  36. Yokotani N, Ichikawa T, Kondou Y, Matsui M, Hirochika H, Iwabuchi M, Oda K. Tolerance to various environmental stresses conferred by the salt-responsive rice gene ONAC063 in transgenic Arabidopsis. Planta. 2009;229:1065–75.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  37. Zheng X, Chen B, Lu G, Han B. Overexpression of a NAC transcription factor enhances rice drought and salt tolerance. Biochem Bioph Res Co. 2009;379:985–89.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  38. Meng Q, Zhang C, Gai J, Yu D. Molecular cloning, sequence characterization and tissue-specific expression of six NAC-like genes in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). J Plant Physiol. 2007;164:1002–12.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  39. Tran LSP, Quach TN, Guttikonda SK, Aldrich DL, Kumar R, Neelakandan A, Valliyodan B. Nguyen HT Molecular characterization of stress-inducible GmNAC genes in soybean. Mol Genet Genomics. 2009;281:647–64.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  40. Pinheiro GL, Marques CS, Costa MDBL, Reis PAB, Alves MS, Carvalho CM, Fietto LG, Fontes EPB. Complete inventory of soybean NAC transcription factors: Sequence conservation and expression analysis uncover their distinct roles in stress response. Gene. 2009;444:10–23.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  41. Le DT, Nishiyama R, Watanabe Y, Tanaka M, Seki M, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Shinozaki K, Tran L-SP. Differential gene expression in soybean leaf tissues at late developmental stages under drought stress revealed by genome-wide transcriptome analysis. PLoS One. 2012;7:e49522.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
  42. Hu W, Wei Y, Xia Z, Yan Y, Hou X, Zou M, et al. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the NAC transcription factor family in Cassava. PLoS One. 2015;10(8):e0136993. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0136993.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
  43. Balazadeh S, Kwasniewski M, Caldana C, Mehrnia M, Zanor MI, Xue GP, et al. ORS1, an H(2)O(2)-responsive NAC transcription factor, controls senescence in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Plant. 2011;4(2):346–60. doi:10.1093/mp/ssq080.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
  44. Hibara K, Takada S, Tasaka M. CUC1 gene activates the expression of SAM-related genes to induce adventitious shoot formation. Plant J. 2003;36:687–96. doi:10.1046/j.1365-313X.2003.01911.x.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  45. Hibara K, Karim MR, Takada S, Taoka K, Furutani M, Aida M, Tasaka M. Arabidopsis CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON3 regulates postembryonic shoot meristem and organ boundary formation. Plant Cell. 2006;18(11):2946–57. doi:10.1105/tpc.106.045716.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
  46. Ng S, Ivanova A, Duncan O, et al. A membrane-bound NAC transcription factor, ANAC017, mediates mitochondrial retrograde signaling in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 2013;25(9):3450–71. doi:10.1105/tpc.113.113985.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
  47. Xu ZY, Kim SY, Hyeon do Y, Kim DH, Dong T, Park Y, Jin JB, Joo SH, Kim SK, Hong JC, Hwang D, Hwang I. The Arabidopsis NAC transcription factor ANAC096 cooperates with bZIP-type transcription factors in dehydration and osmotic stress responses. Plant Cell. 2013;25(11):4708–24.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
  48. Patil M, Ramu SV, Jathish P, et al. Overexpression of AtNAC2 (ANAC092) in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) improves abiotic stress tolerance. Plant Biotechnol Rep. 2014;8:161. doi:10.1007/s11816-013-0305-0.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  49. Balazadeh S, Siddiqui H, Allu AD, Matallana-Ramirez LP, Caldana C, Mehrnia M, et al. A gene regulatory network controlled by the NAC transcription factor ANAC092/AtNAC2/ORE1 during salt- promoted senescence. Plant J. 2010;62:250–64. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313X.2010.04151.x.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  50. Mahmood K, El-Kereamy A, Kim SH, Nambara E, Rothstein SJ. ANAC032 positively regulates age-dependent and stress-induced senescence in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell Physiol. 2016;57(10):2029–46.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  51. Fujita M, Fujita Y, Maruyama K, Seki M, Hiratsu K, Ohme-Takagi M, Tran LS, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Shinozaki K. A dehydration-induced NAC protein, RD26, is involved in a novel ABA-dependent stress-signaling pathway. Plant J. 2004;39(6):863–76.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  52. Zhong R, Lee C, Ye ZH. Evolutionary conservation of the transcriptional network regulating secondary cell wall biosynthesis. Trends Plant Sci. 2010;15:625–32. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2010.08.007.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  53. Wu A, Allu AD, Garapati P, Siddiqui H, Dortay H, Zanor MI, et al. JUNGBRUNNEN1, a reactive oxygen species-responsive NAC transcription factor, regulates longevity in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 2012;24:482–506. doi:10.1105/tpc.111.090894.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
  54. Yang SD, Seo PJ, Yoon HK. The Arabidopsis NAC transcription factor VNI2 integrates abscisic acid signals into leaf senescence via the COR/RD genesThe Arabidopsis NAC transcription factor VNI2 integrates abscisic acid signals into leaf senescence via the COR/RD genes. Plant Cell. 2011;5(2):2155–68.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  55. Kim MJ, Park MJ, Seo PJ, Song JS, Kim HJ, Park CM. Controlled nuclear import of the transcription factor NTL6 reveals a cytoplasmic role of SnRK2.8 in the drought-stress response. Biochem J. 2012;448(3):353–63. doi:10.1042/BJ20120244.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  56. Yoon HK, Kim SG, Kim SY, Park CM. Regulation of leaf senescence by NTL9-mediated osmotic stress signaling in Arabidopsis. Mol Cells. 2008;25(3):438–45.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  57. So Yeon Y, Yunhee K, Soo Young K, Jong Seob L, Ji Hoon A. Control of flowering time and cold response by a NAC-Domain protein in Arabidopsis. PLoS One. 2007;2(7):e642. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000642.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  58. Cenci A, Guignon V, Roux N, Rouard M. Genomic analysis of NAC transcription factors in banana (Musa acuminata) and definition of NAC orthologous groups for monocots and dicots. Plant Mol Biol. 2014;85:63–80.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
  59. Shang H, Li W, Zou C, Yuan Y. Analyses of the NAC transcription factor gene family in Gossypium raimondii Ulbr. chromosomal location, structure, phylogeny, and expression patterns. J Integr Plant Biol. 2013;55:663–76. doi:10.1111/jipb.12085.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  60. Singh AK, Sharma V, Pal AK, Acharya V, Ahuja PS. Genome-wide organization and expression profiling of the NAC transcription factor family in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). DNA Res. 2013;20:403–23. doi:10.1093/dnares/dst019.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
  61. Yoshiyama KO, Kimura S, Maki H, Britt AB, Umeda M. The role of SOG1, a plant-specific transcriptional regulator, in the DNA damage response. Plant Signal Behav. 2014;9:e28889. doi:10.4161/psb.28889.
  62. Thao PH, Thu NBA, Hoang XL, Ha CV, Tran LS. Differential expression analysis of a subset of drought-responsive GmNAC genes in Two soybean cultivars differing in drought tolerance. Int J Mol Sci. 2013;14(12):23828–41. doi:10.3390/ijms141223828.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
  63. Phytozome quick search. 2016. Retrieved from http://phytozome.jgi.doe.gov/.
  64. National Centre for Biotechnology Information Search Engine. 2016. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/.
  65. Letunic I, Copley RR, Schmidt S, Ciccarelli FD, Doerks T, Schultz J, Ponting CP, Bork P. SMART 4.0: towards genomic data integration. Nucleic Acids Res. 2004;32:D142–44.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
  66. Finn RD, Mistry J, Schuster-Bockler B, Griffiths-Jones S, Hollich V, Lassmann T, Moxon S, Marshall M, Khanna A, Durbin R, Eddy SR, Sonnhammer EL, Bateman A. Pfam: clans, web tools and services. Nucleic Acids Res. 2006;34(Database):D247–51.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  67. Mailund T, Pedersen C. QuickJoin--fast neighbour-joining tree reconstruction. Bioinformatics. 2004;20(17):3261–2.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  68. Guo AY, Zhu QH, Chen X, Luo JC. [GSDS: a gene structure display server]. Yi Chuan. 2007;29(8):1023–26.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  69. MEME Suite 4.10.1 Patches. 2016. Retrieved from http://meme-suite.org/meme-software/4.10.1/readme.html.
  70. Bailey T, Boden M, BuskeF A, Frith M, et al. MEME suite: tools for motif discovery and searching. Nucleic Acids Res. 2009;37:W202–08.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
  71. Interpro. 2016. Retrieved from http://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/.
  72. ARAMEMNON. 2016. Retrieved from http://aramemnon.botanik.uni-koeln.de/Google Scholar
  73. Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. Analysis of relative gene expression data usingreal-time quantitative PCR and the 2(−Delta Delta C(T)) Method. Methods. 2001;25(4):402–08.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar

Copyright

© The Author(s). 2017

Advertisement

BMC Plant Biology

ISSN: 1471-2229

Contact us