Fig. 3

Combined chronogram and positive selection analyses of Ranunculeae. Dating analysis was performed using BEAST based on the 78 plastid protein-coding gene data. The grey bars represent 95% highest posterior density intervals. The 11 genes identified under positive selection are shown in the tree. The depiction of temperature changes is modified from Westerhold et al. [23]. The dashed lines represent the five periods investigated in this study: 34, 23.03, 17, 13.9, and 3.3 Ma; and the colored line indicates the period when the rate of variation significantly increased. Genes positively selected in Ceratocephala and Myosurus are in red; genes positively selected in Ceratocephala are in blue; genes positively selected in Myosurus are in green. Changes through time plots generated from sampled stochastic character maps for the three genes found to be under episodic positive selection is present in the upper left (see Fig. S7 and Table S8 for details). SH, Southern Hemisphere; NH, Northern Hemisphere; EOT, Eocene–Oligocene Transition; OMB, Oligogocene-Miocene boundary; oMCO, onset of Miocene Climate Optimum; mMCT, middle Miocene Climate Transition; M2, first major glacial event in the NH; Cret., Cretaceous; M., Middle; P., Pliocene; Q., Quaternary