Unique properties of titanium dioxide quantum dots assisted regulation of growth and biochemical parameters of Hibiscus sabdariffa plants

Table 3 Effect of different concentrations of TiO₂ QDs on growth of Hibiscus plants at the vegetative stage

Treatments	Shoot length (cm)	Root length (cm)	Shoot fresh wt. (g)	Root fresh wt. (g)	Shoot dry wt. (g)	Root dry wt. (g)
T0	13.66 ± 0.6c	7.33 ± 0.33c	1.04 ± 0.027e	0.096 ± 0.0025d	0.202 ± 0.005d	0.0206 ± 0.0005d
T1	16.66 ± 0.33b	11 ± 0.57ab	2.39 ± 0.063c	0.14 ± 0.0037c	0.281 ± 0.007c	0.0275 ± 0.00073b
T2	17 ± 1.15b	12 ± 0.57a	2.44 ± 0.038d	0.141 ± 0.0034c	0.301 ± 0.005bc	0.0269 ± 0.00064bc
T3	17.5 ± 1.15ab	11.5 ± 0.33a	2.97 ± 0.078b	0.138 ± 0.006c	0.347 ± 0.009b	0.0251 ± 0.00066c
T4	19.67 ± 0.88a	11.33 ± 0.57a	3.77 ± 0.099a	0.211 ± 0.0056a	0.426 ± 0.011a	0.0367 ± 0.00097a
T5	16.3 ± 0.33b	8 ± 0.29b	3 ± 0.099b	0.175 ± 0.008b	0.367 ± 0.0097b	0.0277 ± 0.00073b

Data are the mean of three replicates ± standard error (n = 3). For each parameter, different letters in the same column indicate a significant difference between treatments using ANOVA followed by Duncan’s multiple range test (p < 0.05)

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