Table 1 A list of the studies showing the types and effects of various QDs on plants
Reference | Type of QDs | Plant | Effects |
|---|---|---|---|
Chakravarty et al. [12] | Graphene QDs | Coriander and garlic plants | Graphene QDs increased the growth characteristics (leaves, roots, shoots, flowers, and fruits) of treated coriander and garlic seeds. |
Li et al. [15] | Carbon dots | Rice plants | Carbon dots improved seed germination, root elongation, carbohydrate production and disease resistance in addition to increasing rice yield. |
Gohari et al. [16] | Put-carbon QDs | Grapevine (Vitis vinifera cv. ‘Sultana’) | Put- carbon QDs (10 mg L−1) concentration, improving leaf fresh and dry weights, K+ content, photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll fluorescence, proline content, total phenolics and antioxidant enzymatic activities of grapevine. |
Navarro et al. [17] | CdSe/ZnS QDs | Arabidopsis thaliana plants | Plants exposed to CdSe/ZnS QDs suspensions experienced oxidative stress. |
Das et al. [18] | CdS:Mn/ZnS QDs | Snow pea (Pisum sativum L.) | Snow pea seed germination and growth processes were promoted at concentration up to 40 µg mL−1 CdS:Mn/ZnS QDs and above this threshold, drastic reduction in seedling growth was observed as well as negative impact on total chlorophyll (a + b) content. |
Liang et al. [19] | ZnO QDs | Lettuce plants | Lettuce treated with 50 to 200 mg·L–1 ZnO QDs, promoted Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, and B absorption and accumulation; increased soluble sugar content; and improved the lettuce biomass and nutritional quality. While, lettuce treated with 500 mg·L–1 ZnO QDs produced a large amount of ROS, which adversely affected the absorption of nutrients, soluble protein content, and chlorophyll content, thus reducing plant biomass. |
Gong and Dong [20] | Cerium-doped carbon QDs | Wheat plants | Cerium-doped carbon QDs (0.025 mg mL–1) promoted the growth and development of wheat plants. |
Li et al. [21] | SiQDs | Italian lettuce | SiQDs significantly promoted Italian lettuce seedling growth (root length, seedling height and biomass) at concentrations below 30 mg L−1 by increasing the chlorophyll a and b content, soluble sugar and water content. |
Feng et al. [22] | Graphene QDs | Mung bean and tomato seedlings | Graphene QDs enhanced the accumulation of chlorophyll in mung bean (250–1250 mg L−1) and tomato (250–500 mg L−1) seedlings after exposure for 2 weeks. High concentrations of graphene QDs (1000–1500 mg L−1) led to an increase in the H2O2, malondialdehyde, proline, glutathion levels, as well as increased catalase and glutathione reductase activities in seedlings of both species. |
Haydar et al. [23] | Fe–Mn graphene QDs | Triticum aestivum | Fe–Mn graphene QDs application increased enzymatic antioxidants like catalase, peroxidase, glutathione reductase and total phenolics of T. aestivum plants under normal and stress condition. |