Trichoderma cf. asperellum and plant-based titanium dioxide nanoparticles initiate morphological and biochemical modifications in Hordeum vulgare L. against Bipolaris sorokiniana

Table 2 Influence of T. cf. asperellum and TiO₂ NPs on photosynthetic pigments (mg g⁻¹ leaf fwt) of barley plants infected with B. sorokiniana pathogen, and uninfected

Parameters Treatments	Chl a	Chl b	Total chlorophylls	Carotenoids	Total pigments	Chl a/Chl b
Control	1.450 ± 0.038b	0.572 ± 0.015b	2.022 ± 0.053b	0.737 ± 0.019c	2.759 ± 0.073c	2.534 ± 0.067a
B. sorokiniana	1.063 ± 0.028d	0.460 ± 0.012c	1.523 ± 0.04d	0.716 ± 0.019c	2.240 ± 0.059d	2.312 ± 0.061b
TiO₂ NPs	1.501 ± 0.039b	0.581 ± 0.0153ab	2.082 ± 0.055b	0.905 ± 0.024b	2.987 ± 0.079b	2.583 ± 0.068a
TiO₂ NPs + B. sorokiniana	1.137 ± 0.031cd	0.441 ± 0.011c	1.578 ± 0.042cd	0.702 ± 0.018c	2.280 ± 0.06d	2.578 ± 0.068a
T. cf. asperellum	1.652 ± 0.044a	0.621 ± 0.0164a	2.273 ± 0.06a	1.052 ± 0.027a	3.325 ± 0.087a	2.660 ± 0.07a
T. cf. asperellum + B. sorokiniana	1.217 ± 0.032c	0.485 ± 0.013c	1.702 ± 0.045c	0.739 ± 0.0195c	2.441 ± 0.064d	2.507 ± 0.066ab

Values are the mean ± standard error of the mean (n = 5). Data analysis was done by using Duncan’s multiple range test at p ≤ 0.05. The same letters within a column are not significantly different

ISSN: 1471-2229