Trichoderma cf. asperellum and plant-based titanium dioxide nanoparticles initiate morphological and biochemical modifications in Hordeum vulgare L. against Bipolaris sorokiniana

Table 1 Effect of T. cf. asperellum and TiO₂ NPs on the plant growth of barley infected with B. sorokiniana pathogen, and uninfected

Parameters	Shoot height (cm)	Shoot fwt (g)	Root fwt (g)	Shoot dwt (g)	Root dwt (g)	Spike fwt (g)	Spike dwt (g)
Treatments	Shoot height (cm)	Shoot fwt (g)	Root fwt (g)	Shoot dwt (g)	Root dwt (g)	Spike fwt (g)	Spike dwt (g)
Control	30 ± 0.794b	13.97 ± 0.369b	1.130 ± 0.0299c	4.030 ± 0.106b	0.447 ± 0.012c	3.7 ± 0.098c	1.38 ± 0.036b
B. sorokiniana	24 ± 0.635d	9.10 ± 0.241d	0.607 ± 0.016d	2.987 ± 0.079c	0.220 ± 0.0058e	1.37 ± 0.036f	0.580 ± 0.015d
TiO₂ NPs	38 ± 1.01a	15.90 ± 0.421a	1.407 ± 0.037b	4.729 ± 0.125a	0.662 ± 0.017b	4.1 ± 0.108b	1.428 ± 0.038ab
TiO₂ NPs + B. sorokiniana	27 ± 0.714c	11.83 ± 0.313c	1.060 ± 0.028c	3.927 ± 0.104b	0.376 ± 0.0099d	2.24 ± 0.059e	0.962 ± 0.025c
T. cf. asperellum	40 ± 1.06a	16.87 ± 0.446a	1.517 ± 0.041a	4.967 ± 0.131a	0.753 ± 0.019a	4.5 ± 0.119a	1.498 ± 0.039a
T. cf. asperellum + B. sorokiniana	28 ± 0.741bc	13.04 ± 0.345b	1.133 ± 0.029c	4.177 ± 0.111b	0.481 ± 0.0127c	2.89 ± 0.076d	1.051 ± 0.028c

Values are the mean ± standard error of the mean (n = 5). Data analysis was done by using Duncan’s multiple range test at p ≤ 0.05. The same letters within a column are not significantly different

ISSN: 1471-2229