Fig. 1
Comparative analysis of pathogen resistance, ROS accumulation, and growth characteristics in the TT, TE, and TP grafted tomato scions. a–d Disease symptoms in grafted scions 14 days post-inoculation with Stemphylium spore suspension. e ROS levels, including superoxide anion (O2−) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), detected in scion leaves using NBT and DAB staining methods, respectively. f Mature fruit of tomato scions. g–l Quantitative analysis of soluble solids and Vitamin C content, single fruit weight, fruit diameter, average number of fruits, and yield per plot in the TT, TE, and TP graftings. Data in g–l are presented as mean ± SD, with different letters denoting statistically significant differences (p < 0.05, Duncan's New Multiple Range Test). Scale bars represent 10 cm in a–c and 5 cm in d and f