Fig. 5
From: The effect of spermine on Tetranychus urticae-Cucumis sativus interaction
Bottom-up effect of spermine different concentrations on Tetranychus urticae life table parameters in cucumber plant. The black and red arrows represent increase and decrease effect respectively. ex: age specific life expectancy; fxj: age-stage-specific fecundity; lx: age specific survival rate; rm and λ: the intrinsic and finite rate of increase respectively; GRR and R0): gross and net reproductive rates respectively; T: mean generation time