Fig. 4

Antioxidant defense response in Cucucmis sativus leaves treated with Tetranychus urticae (A), T. urticae and 1 mM spermine (B), T. urticae and 2 mM spermine (C), T. urticae and 3 mM spermine (D). The induced defense is facilitated via defensive enzymes such as Catalase (CAT) and Ascorbate peroxidase (APX). CAT breaks down H₂O₂ to oxygen and water, and (APX) reduces H₂O₂ to water. MDA: malondealdehyde; EL: electrolyte leakage; Indicates increase, means decrease and   suggests fluctuation of parameters