Fig. 1

The contents of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) (A), malondialdehyde (MDA) (B) and electrolyte leakage (EL) (C), in Spadana cucumber leaves in response to Tetranychus urticae and different spermine concentrations (1, 2 and 3 mM) treatments. Mean (± SD) was calculated from three replicates for each treatment. Bars with different letters are significantly different at P ≤ 0.05 applying LSD test