Fig. 6

Effect of putrescine (Put; 50 mg L^− 1), chitosan (CTS; 0.5%), “Put 50 mg L^− 1 + CTS 0.5%” and “chitosan-putrescine nanoparticles” (CTS-Put NPs; 0.1 and 0.5%) treatments on electrolyte leakage (EL) (A) and proline content (B) of grapevines (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sultana) under cadmium (Cd)-stress conditions (0 and 10 mg kg^− 1). Same letters are not significantly different at p < 0.05