Fig. 1

Physiological response of IR64 and IR64-Sub1 seedlings subjected to submergence alone and submergence combined with nonionic or ionic stress. a The 8-day-old IR64 and IR64-Sub1 seedlings were subjected to submergence (Sub), submergence with 300 mM mannitol (Sub + Man), submergence with 150 mM NaCl (Sub + NaCl) and control treatment (CK) for 8 days; scale bar = 5 cm. b Shoot and root phenotypes of IR64 and IR64-Sub1 seedlings under various treatments for 8 days; scale bar = 1 cm. c The plant height and (d) root length were measured after Sub, Sub + Man, Sub + NaCl, or CK treatment. Average values ± SD (n = 30) are provided from data on three independent experiments. Different letters indicate significant differences between treatments and cultivars (p < 0.05 according to an LSD test using SAS)