Fig. 1

The effects of Malus sieversii stem traits for treatment with N, P, and N + P. The effects of treatment with only N (without P addition), only P (without N addition), N20Px, NxP4, P with the addition of N, and N with the addition of P on stem length (L), basal diameter (BD), stem mass (SM), twig mass (TM), leaf intensity (LI), leaf area ratio (LAR), and leaf area-to-stem mass ratio (LAMR) of Malus sieversii. The values represent the mean with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The effect was considered to be significant (*) when the 95% CI did not overlap with zero. Low: N10, P2, N20P2, and N10P4; Medium: N20, P4, and N20P4; High: N40, P8, N20P8, and N40P4. N20P4 is common to both N20Px and NxP4, therefore, it is only shown in the former. (a): N effect, (b): P effect, (c): N20Px effect, (d): NxP4 effect, (e): P effect with N addition, (f): N effect with P addition. the same below