Fig. 4

Eight FVBP gene expressions of petunia were quantified by the 2^−ΔΔCT method using quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) normalizing to the reference gene, Ph18S rRNA with three biological replications per ir-PhCSE plants (8–10, 13–12, and 13–13) and negative control line (8–7). Data represent mean ± SD. Data show the relative transcription levels compared to Petunia x hybrida ‘Mitchell Diploid’ (MD) plants and the bars on the graphs indicate standard deviation. Asterisks (*, **) indicate that the transcriptions of ir-PhCSE plants are significantly different compared to MD plants (p < 0.05, 0.001, Student’s t-test; ns, not significant). C4H, cinnamate 4-hydroxylase; 4CL, 4-coumaroyl: CoA ligase; EGS, eugenol synthase; IGS, isoeugenol synthase; PAL, phenylalanine ammonia lyase; C3H, p-coumarate 3-hydroxylase; HCT, hydroxycinnamoyl transferase