Fig. 4
From: Palaeobotanical evidence reveals the living conditions of Miocene Lufengpithecus in East Asia
Occurrence dates, behavioural patterns and environments of hominoids in East Africa, Europe and East Asia since the Middle Miocene. (a) Occurrence dates of hominoids in East Africa [49]. (b) Carbon isotopic data from Somali Basin cores showed the onset of expansion of C4 vegetation at 10 Ma [49]. (c) Occurrence dates of hominoids in Europe [40]. (d) Integrated European MAT change curves [54]. (e) Integrated European MAP change curves [54]. (f) Occurrence dates of hominoids in East Asia [3, 9]. (g) Carbon isotopic changes at various locations in Yunnan show the onset of expansion of C4 vegetation at approximately 4 − 3 Ma [47]. (h) MAT reconstruction results for four Lufengpithecus sites. (i) MAP reconstruction results for four Lufengpithecus sites. (j) Deep sea oxygen isotopes indicative of global ice yield [43] and a series of Miocene cooling events [42].