Fig. 1

The suggested model depicts melatonin’s signaling function in conferring salt stress resistance in plants. By being exposed to salinity, Na⁺ produces ROS, which activates antioxidant and non-antioxidant enzymes as well as melatonin. Melatonin activates antioxidant and non-antioxidant enzymes, as well as, increases SOS and NHX activities. SOS transports excess Na⁺ to the extracellular space using the plasma membrane proton gradient. NHX on the vacuole tonoplast contributes to Na⁺ homeostasis (created using Inkscape software ver.1.2.2). Na⁺/H⁺ exchanger1 (NHX1); Salt overly sensitive1 (SOS1); Salt overly sensitive2 (SOS2); Ascorbate peroxidase (APX); Superoxide dismutase (SOD); Catalase (CAT); Peroxidase (POD); Glutathione peroxidase (GPX); Glutathione reductase (GR); Glutathione transferase (GST)