Fig. 3

Phylogenetic tree reconstructed by maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) analysis based on the 57 shared plastid protein-coding genes of 38 cactus species. The 57 shared plastid protein-coding genes included atpA, atpB, atpE, atpF, atpH, atpI, ccsA, cemA, infA, petA, matK, petB, petD, petG, petL, petN, psaA, psaB, psaC, psaI, psaJ, psbA, psbB, psbC, psbD, psbE, psbF, psbH, psbI, psbJ, psbK, psbL, psbM, psbN, psbT, psbZ, rbcL, rpl14, rpl16, rpl20, rpl22, rpl2, rpoA, rpoB, rpoC1, rpoC2, rps11, rps12, rps14, rps15, rps19, rps2, rps3, rps4, rps7, rps8 and ycf3. All nodes were fully resolved based on BI methods, and we highlighted the nine nodes that have not been fully resolved based on ML methods. The number at the bottom of the scale, 0.01, means that the length of the branch represents the replacement frequency of bases at each site of the genome at 0.01. We identified seven clades in the subfamily Cereoideae, and two genera (Frailea and Copiapoa) were separate taxa that do not belong to any of the above clades