Fig. 7

Salt stress responses in C. ensifolium leaf. Salt stress results in changes in Na⁺ content, which affects Ca²⁺ levels. After salt stress is sensed, the ROS are generated, the Na⁺ H⁺ balance is disturbed, and Na⁺/K⁺ ratios are changed. The increased ROS are scavenged by antioxidant enzymes. The higher Ca²⁺ levels initiate a cascade of signaling that results in the expression of genes that govern cell-wall reinforcement, stomatal closure, and the SOS pathway. Several genes are activated for the homeostasis of Na⁺ and K⁺ ions. Brassinosteroid and abscisic acid signaling also takes part in salt stress responses