Table 4 Effect of TiO₂ NPs on germination parameters of soybean (var. 22) under different NaCl concentrations

8 ± 0.212d

18 ± 0.476b

26 ± 0.687bc

0.22 ± 0.0058b

0.87 ± 0.023b

1.07 ± 0.0288b

7 ± 0.185 fg

16 ± 0.423c

23 ± 0.608d

0.19 ± 0.005c

0.63 ± 0.0167 fg

0.82 ± 0.0216e

5 ± 0.132i

14 ± 0.371d

19 ± 0.503e

0.17 ± 0.0044d

0.59 ± 0.0156gh

0.76 ± 0.021ef

4.9 ± 0.129i

12.5 ± 0.331e

17.4 ± 0.461f

0.15 ± 0.0039ef

0.55 ± 0.014hi

0.7 ± 0.0185 fg

3 ± 0.093 k

11 ± 0.291f

14 ± 0.371 h

0.12 ± 0.0031hi

0.5 ± 0.013i

0.62 ± 0.016 h

2 ± 0.053 l

9 ± 0.238 g

11 ± 0.291i

0.09 ± 0.0024j

0.39 ± 0.0103 k

0.48 ± 0.0127i

10 ± 0.265a

22 ± 0.582a

32 ± 0.847a

0.26 ± 0.0069a

0.99 ± 0.026a

1.29 ± 0.033a

9 ± 0.238b

18.5 ± 0.489b

27.5 ± 0.731b

0.2 ± 0.0053c

0.77 ± 0.021c

0.97 ± 0.0256c

7.5 ± 0.198e

17.9 ± 0.474b

25.4 ± 0.672c

0.19 ± 0.005c

0.73 ± 0.019 cd

0.92 ± 0.024 cd

6.6 ± 0.175 g

16.2 ± 0.429c

22.8 ± 0.603d

0.19 ± 0.005c

0.7 ± 0.0185de

0.89 ± 0.0235d

5.1 ± 0.135i

14 ± 0.371d

19.1 ± 0.505e

0.17 ± 0.0045

0.64 ± 0.0169 fg

0.81 ± 0.021e

3.7 ± 0.098j

12.2 ± 0.323e

15.9 ± 0.421 fg

0.13 ± 0.0034gh

0.53 ± 0.014i

0.66 ± 0.0174gh

8.5 ± 0.225c

18.4 ± 0.487b

26.9 ± 0.712bc

0.2 ± 0.0053c

0.73 ± 0.019 cd

0.93 ± 0.024 cd

7.4 ± 0.196ef

16 ± 0.423c

23.4 ± 0.619d

0.16 ± 0.0042de

0.66 ± 0.017ef

0.82 ± 0.0217e

5.6 ± 0.148 h

11 ± 0.291f

16.6 ± 0.439 fg

0.15 ± 0.0039ef

0.55 ± 0.0145hi

0.7 ± 0.0185 fg

5.1 ± 0.135i

10 ± 0.365 fg

15.1 ± 0.399gh

0.14 ± 0.0037 fg

0.54 ± 0.014hi

0.68 ± 0.0179gh

3.5 ± 0.093j

10 ± 0.265 fg

13.5 ± 0.357 h

0.11 ± 0.0029i

0.52 ± 0.0137i

0.63 ± 0.0164 h

2 ± 0.053 l

9 ± 0.238 g

11 ± 0.291i

0.07 ± 0.0019 k

0.41 ± 0.0108 k

0.48 ± 0.0127i