Fig. 5
From: Physcomitrium patens CAD1 has distinct roles in growth and resistance to biotic stress
Enhanced phenylpropanoids by PpCAD1 in the cell wall increased resistance to pathogens. (a) Papillae (arrow) were generated in cell walls and cell corners without KMnO4 staining as the control. (b) The large papillae (arrow) and cell corners of PpCAD1_OE lines near the appressorium were stained. Thicker cell walls (arrows) of (c) WT and (d) Ppcad1_ko next to the invasive hyphae showed the high electron density in phyllid. A, appressorium, H, invasive hyphae. Bar = 0.5 μm (a and b), Bar = 1 μm (c and d). (e) Detection of phenylpropanoids in the cell wall. The transcripts of (f) pathogenesis-related 10 (PR10), (g) nonexpresser of PR genes 1 (NPR1), (h) PpCAD1, (i) PpCAD2, (j) PpCAD3, and (k) PpCAD4. All data are presented as means ± SD and analyzed using one-way ANOVA (**p < 0.01, *p < 0.05). (l) Transcripts of 21 genes in three genotypes involved in lignin biosynthesis at 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 dpi. The color scale represented relative expression levels