Fig. 3

Change in fall armyworm (FAW) mass (g) after fed on maize grown with (“AM”) or without (“NM”) arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) with standard fertilizer treatment (Con), double the amount of nitrogen (N), or double the amount of phosphorous (P) for 72 h. Change in mass was statistically associated with AMF treatment (F = 11.46, df = 1, P < 0.001) and the interaction of AMF and fertilizer treatments (F = 3.374, df = 2, P = 0.0376). Whiskers represent standard error