Fig. 5
AAWE destroyed the growth and development of rice leaves. A Transmission electron microscopy of control and AAWE-treated mesophyll cells. The first row (from left to right): single mesophyll cell, chloroplast structure, nucleus, and mitochondrial structure of the control, respectively. Scale bars: 5 μm, 1 μm, 1 μm (from left to right). The second row (from left to right): AAWE-treated single mesophyll cell, chloroplast structure, nucleus, and mitochondrial structure, respectively. Scale bars: 5 μm, 1 μm, 1 μm (from left to right). The third row: cell membrane of AAWE-treated mesophyll cell. The left, middle, and right panels represent different magnifications. Cell membrane was damaged in the AAWE-treated mesophyll cell. Scale bars: 2 μm, 5 μm, 1 μm (from left to right). B Detection of chlorophyll content in the control and AAWE-treated rice leaves. The chlorophyll content in the middle part of the outermost leaves was directly measured with a chlorophyll meter, and the measured results were indicated by the SPAD value of the instrument reading. The higher the SPAD value indicates, the higher the chlorophyll content (***P < 0.001). C Soluble sugar content in the control and AAWE-treated rice leaves (**P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001). D-E AAWE caused oxidative damage in rice leaves. D, MDA content; E, ROS content (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01,***P < 0.001). F–H Antioxidant enzyme activity in the control and AAWE-treated rice leaves, including SOD (F), CAT (G), and POD (H) (*P < 0.05,**P < 0.01,***P < 0.001)