Fig. 6
The gene GRMZM2G169293 associated with flowering time was selected during maize adaptation. A Associations between SNPs at the GRMZM2G169293 locus and flowering time. The dashed black horizontal line indicates the Bonferroni-adjusted significance threshold (P = 6.05 × 10− 6). B The FST values for selection during adaptation across the GRMZM2G169293 locus. The horizontal dashed line indicates the genome-wide significance threshold of selection signals (top 0.5%). Red and gray boxes indicate the gene models of GRMZM2G169293 and other genes. C The allele frequency of the leading SNP (SNP S8_167550959) at the GRMZM2G169293 locus in tropical and temperate maize inbred lines. D Association tests of SNP S8_167550959 with flowering time in seven locations at different latitudes. Days to anthesis (DTA) were converted to growing degree days (GDD) to account for the effect of temperature differences among environments. DHN, Hainan; YN, Yunnan; GX, Guangxi; CQ, Chongqing; HB, Hubei; HN, Henan; BJ, Beijing; all in China