Table 2 The effects of NaCl treatment and application Fe₂O₃ and ZnO nanoparticles on osmotic potential, proline, callus formation and shoot formation of four tomato cultivars in vitro condition. Means followed by the same letter on columns are not significantly different at 0.05 level, according to the Duncan’s multiple range test. Data are mean ± SD (n = 4 replicates)

‘Nora’

0

0

−0.28 ± 0.047^a-d

29 ± 0.94^q-w

94.33 ± 0.11^a-c

8.9 ± 0.14^fg

Zn

−0.27 ± 0.027^a-d

23 ± 0.72^s-w

96.26 ± 0.24^ab

9.2 ± 0.12^f

Fe

−0.28 ± 0.094^a-d

25 ± 0.88^r-w

96.36 ± 0.46^ab

9.1 ± 0.09^fg

25

0

−0.52 ± 0.058^d-h

43 ± 0.17^o-s

62.67 ± 0.21^f-k

6.9 ± 0.08^mn

Zn

−0.49 ± 0.072^d-g

36 ± 1.17^p-v

64.91 ± 0.34^e-j

8.1 ± 0.18^ij

Fe

−0.49 ± 0.11^d-g

39 ± 1.12^o-u

64.26 ± 0.38^f-k

8.2 ± 0.09^h-j

50

0

−0.86 ± 0.045^j-o

101 ± 0.98ⁿ

50.37 ± 0.19^j-q

5.16 ± 0.19^q

Zn

−0.68 ± 0.14^g-k

84 ± 1.14ⁿ

53.04 ± 0.27^i-o

6.8 ± 0.08^mn

Fe

−0.78 ± 0.18^i-n

89 ± 1.54ⁿ

52.32 ± 0.19^i-p

6.8 ± 0.09^mn

75

0

−1.03 ± 0.12^m-s

267 ± 1.11^f

32.67 ± 0.18^r-v

3 ± 0.014^s

Zn

−0.88 ± 0.072^j-p

192 ± 1.14^ij

37.21 ± 0.23^p-u

3.6 ± 0.05^r

Fe

−0.92 ± 0.23^k-q

203 ± 1.57^hi

35.58 ± 0.34^q-v

3.6 ± 0.04^r

100

0

−1.37 ± 0.14^uv

381 ± 1.82^b

13.67 ± 0.38^x-z

0.8 ± 0.21^wx

Zn

−1.13 ± 0.027^p-t

247 ± 1.14^g

20.18 ± 0.41^v-z

1.5 ± 0.08^u

Fe

−1.28 ± 0.047^tu

269 ± 1.19^f

16.17 ± 0.23^w-z

1.7 ± 0.07^u

‘PS-10’

0

0

−0.2 ± 0.094^a

9 ± 0.72^w

98.36 ± 0.32^a

12.1 ± 0.1^a

Zn

−0.2 ± 0.14^a

8 ± 0.86^w

99.31 ± 0.18^a

12.5 ± 0.05^a

Fe

−0.19 ± 0.12^a

8 ± 0.98^w

99.35 ± 0.98^a

12.2 ± 0.24^a

25

0

−0.39 ± 0.11^a-f

19 ± 0.94^u-w

80.33 ± 0.37^c-e

10.1 ± 0.2^d

Zn

−0.36 ± 0.072^a-e

14 ± 0.72^vw

83.41 ± 0.66^a-d

10.8 ± 0.18^c

Fe

−0.37 ± 0.24^a-e

16 ± 1.14^vw

83.28 ± 0.94^b-d

10.8 ± 0.09^c

50

0

−0.63 ± 0.098^f-j

54 ± 1.22^op

68.67 ± 0.51^d-i

8.1 ± 0.11^h-j

Zn

−0.46 ± 0.11^b-g

44 ± 1.78^o-s

73.26 ± 0.75^d-g

9.2 ± 0.14^f

Fe

−0.52 ± 0.094^e-i

49 ± 2.14^o-q

72.18 ± 0.68^d-g

9.2 ± 0.17^ef

75

0

−0.92 ± 0.23^k-q

141 ± 1.14^m

49.36 ± 0.63^k-q

4.9 ± 0.19^q

Zn

−0.7 ± 0.21^g-l

91 ± 0.98ⁿ

59.18 ± 1.04^f-l

6.1 ± 0.23^p

Fe

−0.85 ± 0.18^j-o

104 ± 1.48ⁿ

58.36 ± 0.99^g-m

6.2 ± 0.24^op

100

0

−1.01 ± 0.17^n-s

238 ± 1.76^g

24.62 ± 0.65^u-y

2.2 ± 0.18^t

Zn

−0.81 ± 0.072^i-n

144 ± 1.14l^m

34.18 ± 0.68^q-v

4.8 ± 0.15^q

Fe

−0.92 ± 0.11^k-q

162 ± 1.87^kl

31.48 ± 0.54^r-w

5.1 ± 0.12^q

‘Peto’

0

0

−0.23 ± 0.047^a-c

18 ± 1.12^u-w

96.75 ± 0.36^ab

9.9 ± 0.11^d

Zn

−0.23 ± 0.25^ab

15 ± 0.98^vw

98.47 ± 0.96^ab

11.2 ± 0.05^bc

Fe

−0.22 ± 0.21ab

16 ± 0.72^vw

98.81 ± 0.24^ab

11.3 ± 0.09^b

25

0

−0.49 ± 0.18^d-g

20 ± 0.98^t-w

70.13 ± 0.46^d-h

8.6 ± 0.08^gh

Zn

−0.48 ± 0.072^c-g

17 ± 1.14^u-w

74.11 ± 0.35^d-f

9.8 ± 0.04^d

Fe

−0.47 ± 0.094^b-g

18 ± 1.74^u-w

74.48 ± 0.39^d-f

9.7 ± 0.09^de

50

0

−0.80 ± 0.072^i-n

60 ± 1.12^o

62.58 ± 0.24^f-k

6.8 ± 0.11^mn

Zn

−0.57 ± 0.11^e-i

46 ± 1.45^o-r

66.31 ± 0.62^e-i

8.2 ± 0.12^h-j

Fe

−0.71 ± 0.14^g-l

48 ± 1.68^o-q

66.27 ± 0.48^e-j

8.4 ± 0.14^hi

75

0

−1.02 ± 0.12^n-s

201 ± 0.98^hi

40.71 ± 0.41^o-t

3.2 ± 0.09^rs

Zn

−0.87 ± 0.18^j-o

137 ± 172^m

44.67 ± 0.54^l-r

5.1 ± 0.05^q

Fe

−0.94 ± 0.12^l-r

154 ± 1.65^lm

42.12 ± 0.34^n-t

5.2 ± 0.21^q

100

0

−1.17 ± 0.23^r-u

288 ± 2.18^e

20.58 ± 0.62^v-z

1.3 ± 0.25^uv

Zn

−0.99 ± 0.21^m-s

196 ± 1.45^ij

26.18 ± 0.47^t-x

2.8 ± 0.18^s

Fe

−1.08 ± 0.17^o-t

208 ± 1.26^hi

22.65 ± 0.58^u-y

2.8 ± 0.14^s

‘Roma’

0

0

−0.32 ± 0.072^a-e

38 ± 0.98^o-u

94.33 ± 0.42^a-c

7.1 ± 0.25^lm

Zn

−0.34 ± 0.047^a-e

30 ± 0.72^q-w

95.83 ± 0.65^ab

7.8 ± 0.41^jk

Fe

−0.33 ± 0.094^a-e

32 ± 1.22^q-v

95.21 ± 0.68^ab

7.6 ± 0.17^kl

25

0

−0.78 ± 0.094^i-n

50 ± 0.75^o-q

54.33 ± 0.72^i-o

5.1 ± 0.14^q

Zn

−0.76 ± 0.12^h-m

39 ± 1.58^o-u

57.22 ± 0.58^g-n

6.6 ± 0.09^no

Fe

−0.78 ± 0.14^i-n

42 ± 1.35^o-t

56.32 ± 0.47^h-o

6.6 ± 0.12^no

50

0

−1.19 ± 0.18^s-u

179 ± 1.44^jk

40.27 ± 0.58^o-t

3.6 ± 0.18^r

Zn

−1.09 ± 0.16^o-t

133 ± 1.28^m

43.18 ± 0.78^m-s

4.9 ± 0.24^q

Fe

−1.14 ± 0.21^q-u

141 ± 1.78^m

43.11 ± 0.75^m-s

5.1 ± 0.28^q

75

0

−1.71 ± 0.18^wx

311 ± 1.28^d

23.36 ± 0.57^u-y

1.2 ± 0.31^u-w

Zn

−1.32 ± 0.16^t-v

203 ± 0.98^hi

29.17 ± 0.12^s-x

2.1 ± 0.26^u

Fe

−1.54 ± 0.14^vw

219 ± 1.24^h

27.21 ± 0.34^t-x

2.3 ± 0.21^t

100

0

−1.85 ± 0.21^x

471 ± 1.87^a

6.33 ± 0.98^z

0.2 ± 0.14^y

Zn

−1.52 ± 0.14^vw

334 ± 0.98^c

12.32 ± 0.58^x-z

0.7 ± 0.27^x

Fe

−1.71 ± 0.23^wx

351 ± 1.48^c

9.08 ± 0.72^yz

0.9 ± 0.22^v-x