Fig. 4

Effect of bagging treatments on thrips adults foraging flowers and their fecundity in the host S. chamaejasme. a Mean number (± SE) of thrips adults foraging flowers, (b) the percentage of flowers with larvae, and (c) mean number (± SE) of hatched larvae per five flowers. Control: open pollination; Bagging I: bagged with coarse-meshed bags; Bagging II: bagged with fine-meshed bags. Statistical significance in (a) and (c) was tested by generalized linear model (GLM) with a negative binominal error structure (log link function), and that in (b) by Pearson’s chi-squared test. Asterisks indicate significant difference between bagging I and either the control or bagging II (* P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001)