Fig. 4

T-DNA insertion mutants in proteasome-associated proteins (PAPs) display arrested or delayed seedling growth. A, B Seed germination (radicle protrusion) and seedling establishment (seedlings that showed at least four true leaves) rates were quantified at 1 and 10 days after imbibition (DAI), respectively. Bar charts express the mean ± SEM of five biological repeats (n = 124 seedlings). Independent Student’s t-tests were used to assess statistical significance of differences between each mutant and Col-0 (* = p < 0.05, ** = p < 0.01, **** = p < 0.001). C Images of Col-0 and homozygous pbac1-2, pbac3-1, ump1a-4, ump1b-1, pa200-2, cdc48b-1, cdc48c-2, cdc48d-2, and hsm3-1 mutants grown on half-strength MS media for 10 DAI