Fig. 5

Expression analysis of key enzymes in the phenylpropane-lignin-flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. PAL, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase; C4H, cinnamate 4-hydroxylase; 4CL, 4-coumarate: CoA ligase; HCT, hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA shikimate/quinate transferase; C3H, coumarate 3-hydroxylase; CCoAOMT, caffeoyl-CoA-O-methyltransferase; CCR, cinnamoyl CoA reductase; F5H, ferulate 5-hydroxylase; COMT, caffeic acid O-methyltransferase; CAD, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase; PER, peroxidase; LAC, laccase. CHS, chalcone synthase; CHI, chalcone isomerase; F3H, flavanone 3-hydroxylase; FLS, flavonol synthase; LDOX, leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase; DFR, dihydroflavonol 4-reductase; GST, glutathione S-transferase. The colours indicate the expression levels (FPKM) of the DEGs in HCl, HC2, HC3, LC1, LC2, and LC3. The expression levels (FPKM) corresponding to the different colours are 0–16, 16–32, 32–64, 64–128, 128–256, 256–512, and 512–1024