Fig. 6

Effect of Ascophyllum nodosum extract and chitosan on the transcription of defense response genes aNPR1, bCOI, cLOX,dPR1,ePDF1.2,fNADPH Oxidase, and gC4H. (CHT = Chitosan 100 ppm, and ANE = Ascophyllum nodosum Extract 0.015%, Control = Sterilized distilled water). Triplicate leaf tissue samples from 12 plants in each replicate were used in the experiment. Bars with different letters are significantly different (P ≤ 0.05; Duncan’s multiple range test)