Fig. 5

Effects of Ascophyllum nodosum extract and chitosan on reactive oxygen species production and antioxidant enzymes in pea leaves. a Phenylalanine ammonia lyases activity, b Peroxidase activity, c H₂O₂ production, and d Total phenolic content. (CHT = Chitosan (100 ppm), and ANE = A. nodosum extract 0.015%, Control = Sterilized distilled water). Samples were collected in triplicate from 12 plants in each replicate. Error bars represents SD (Standard deviation). Bars with different letters are significantly different (P ≤ 0.05; Duncan’s multiple range test)