Fig. 4

Detection of DEGs and qRT-PCR validation. a PCA analysis of gene expression in the three immature seed samples (IS01–03) and three mature seed samples (MS01–03). b A volcano plot of differential gene expression between immature and mature seed samples of G. luofuense, with upregulated genes in red and downregulated genes in green from immature seeds to mature seeds. c A bubble plot of enriched GO terms; the x-axis represents the z-score, the y-axis represents the negative logarithm of the adjusted p-values, the circle sizes are proportional to the number of genes enriched in the GO terms, and the circle colors denote the three GO term categories. A table on right side describes top 14 GO terms in the category biological process, which have been labeled in the bubble plot on left side. d A bubble plot of enriched KEGG terms; the x-axis represents rich factors, the circle sizes are proportional to enriched gene numbers, and the circle colors correspond to the negative logarithm of the adjusted p-values for each KEGG pathway. e The expression of 14 TF genes (i.e. MADS-box, Aux/IAA, bHLH and MYB genes) from immature and mature seeds of G. luofuense were verified by qRT-PCR, and the expression values were normalized with the △△Ct-method