Table 3 Stable QTLs for thousand kernel weight, Kernel length, Kernel width, Kernel length/width traits in the PG-RIL population

TKW

QTkw.cas-1A.2

AX-109528407

–AX-108731422

54.55–58.10

E2

5.93

−0.92

[8, 36, 43]

E3

4.68

−0.84

E4

6.92

−1.13

BLUP

5.35

−0.74

QTkw.cas-4A

AX-109416575

–AX-108738265

132.39–135.10

E1

10.59

−1.428

[40, 44]

E2

8.31

−1.051

E3

11.84

−1.311

E4

10.69

−1.354

BLUP

13.17

−1.162

QTkw.cas-5D

AX-109207441

–AX-110418893

199.33–205.59

E2

4.28

0.777

E3

3.28

0.699

QTkw.cas-6A.1

AX-108835689

–AX-110438513

62.87–66.05

E1

6.52

1.137

[45, 46]

E3

11.38

1.308

E4

12.73

1.526

BLUP

11.77

1.102

QTkw.cas-7D.2

AX-111061288

–AX-111184541

92.76–93.06

E1

6.52

−1.150

[39, 43, 47]

E2

5.50

−0.895

E4

6.09

−1.069

BLUP

6.22

−0.811

KL

QKl.cas-1A.2

AX-86178254

–AX-109474737

113.61–114.19

E1

4.29

0.061

E2

5.63

0.066

QKl.cas-1B

AX-108897360

–AX-110996354

66.00–66.16

E1

6.63

0.075

[36]

E3

8.16

0.073

E4

3.74

0.053

BLUP

7.38

0.071

QKl.cas-2A

AX-108791295

–AX-109421335

110.93–111.45

E1

14.35

0.110

[37]

E4

16.65

0.111

QKl.cas-4A

AX-110540586

–AX-108840708

130.90–136.45

E1

7.48

−0.080

E2

8.46

−0.081

E3

8.09

−0.073

E4

9.66

−0.085

BLUP

9.00

−0.078

QKl.cas-7A.1

AX-109353536

–AX-109520645

120.91–122.10

E1

5.78

−0.070

E3

7.24

−0.069

E4

5.70

−0.065

BLUP

7.24

−0.070

KW

QKw.cas-1A.2

AX-109402270

–AX-108748448

52.96–57.14

E3

5.55

−0.031

E4

10.14

−0.047

QKw.cas-6A

AX-109892808

–AX-110438513

58.76–66.05

E1

5.43

0.037

[45, 48]

E2

9.85

0.040

E3

7.31

0.036

BLUP

7.98

0.030

KL/W

QKl/w.cas-1A

AX-111196131

–AX-108970235

43.42–45.20

E2

22.41

0.093

E4

5.22

0.027

QKl/w.cas-2A

AX-108791295

–AX-109368860

110.93–112.28

E3

11.60

0.040

E4

11.03

0.039

BLUP

10.90

0.037

QKl/w.cas-5A.2

AX-94700980

–AX-110671854

183.00–189.10

E3

8.32

−0.034

E4

7.49

−0.032

BLUP

6.27

−0.028

QKl/w.cas-5D

AX-110830424

–AX-89417887

136.94–141.21

E1

6.70

0.039

E2

3.77

0.038

E3

5.60

0.028

E4

5.58

0.028

BLUP

8.26

0.032

QKl/w.cas-7A.1

AX-111636086

–AX-109338226

1.720–9.50

E1

13.84

0.055

E2

3.85

0.038

E3

12.25

0.041

E4

8.18

0.034

BLUP

13.23

0.041