Table 2 Repeatability () whole plant, biomass composition, and actual and potential ethanol yield traits among the populations tested
Variable | Abbreviation | Units | \( {\widehat{H}}^2 \) | Population | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Â | Â | Â | K | KxS | N1 | N1EM | S |
Whole plant | ||||||||
 Dry matter Yield | YLD | kg | 0.61 | 1.45 ± 0.43aa,b | 1.03 ± 0.31c | 1.23 ± 0.32b | 1.37 ± 0.36a | 0.6 ± 0.22d |
 Anthesis Date | ANT | DOY | 0.94 | 246.0 ± 4.0a | 227.4 ± 10.4d | 240.8 ± 8.6b | 235.2 ± 7.5c | 202.0 ± 10.5e |
 Spring Emergence Date | GRN | DOY | 0.78 | 137.6 ± 8.7a | 133.1 ± 1.5c | 138.3 ± 1.5a | 137.7 ± 1.2b | 130.7 ± 1.9d |
Composition | ||||||||
 Dry Matter | DM | mg g− 1 | 0.47 | 911.4 ± 1.9a | 911.2 ± 2.1a | 910.4 ± 1.6bc | 911.0 ± 1.9ab | 910.2 ± 2.5c |
 Carbon | C | mg g− 1 | 0.71 | 448.9 ± 3.1a | 445.6 ± 3.2c | 447.53 ± 2.9b | 450.0 ± 3.2a | 444.0 ± 3.9d |
 Nitrogen | N | mg g− 1 | 0.6 | 5.76 ± 1.03ab | 5.27 ± 0.94c | 5.92 ± 0.87a | 5.47 ± 0.97bc | 5.57 ± 1.16abc |
 Extracted fat | FAT | mg g− 1 | 0.71 | 9.23 ± 1.22b | 7.12 ± 1.28c | 9.59 ± 1.23ab | 9.7 ± 1.1a | 7.32 ± 1.23c |
 Minerals (total ash) | ASH | mg g− 1 | 0.72 | 63.12 ± 5.6b | 71.31 ± 7.38a | 62.47 ± 5b | 61.1 ± 5.1b | 70.11 ± 8.64a |
 Klason Lignin | KL | mg g− 1 | 0.46 | 286.4 ± 16.0c | 298.5 ± 15.0a | 287.1 ± 12.6c | 293.3 ± 12.7b | 296.6 ± 15.1ab |
 Uronic Acids | UA | mg g− 1 | 0.67 | 17.04 ± 0.36b | 16.74 ± 0.39c | 17.2 ± 0.35a | 17.25 ± 0.4a | 16.39 ± 0.48d |
 Rhamnose | RHA | mg g− 1 | 0.49 | 1.70 ± 0.14d | 1.75 ± 0.16bc | 1.77 ± 0.13b | 1.7 ± 0.12 cd | 1.85 ± 0.21a |
 Fucose | FUC | mg g− 1 | 0.54 | 0.23 ± 0.04b | 0.26 ± 0.03a | 0.22 ± 0.03c | 0.23 ± 0.03b | 0.23 ± 0.04b |
 Arabinose | ARA | mg g− 1 | 0.49 | 32.93 ± 1.48b | 33.35 ± 1.44ab | 33.76 ± 1.41a | 32.94 ± 1.31b | 33.79 ± 1.65a |
 Xylose | XYL | mg g− 1 | 0.66 | 212.4 ± 5.7c | 214.8 ± 6.4b | 212.3 ± 6.3c | 212.9 ± 6.1bc | 218.3 ± 7.1a |
 Mannose | MAN | mg g− 1 | 0.59 | 8.95 ± 0.83ab | 7.82 ± 0.85c | 8.79 ± 0.74a | 9.10 ± 0.87b | 8.71 ± 1.41d |
 Galactose | GAL | mg g− 1 | 0.41 | 9.61 ± 0.67b | 9.63 ± 0.74b | 9.96 ± 0.62a | 9.53 ± 0.53b | 9.7 ± 0.88ab |
 Glucose | GLC | mg g− 1 | 0.47 | 298.1 ± 7.2b | 296.6 ± 7.2b | 295.4 ± 6.9b | 301.0 ± 6.1a | 296.0 ± 8.0b |
 p-Coumarate esters | PCA | mg g− 1 | 0.83 | 8.32 ± 0.55a | 7.53 ± 0.69c | 8.06 ± 0.57b | 8.01 ± 0.59b | 6.46 ± 0.75d |
 Esterified ferulates | FEST | mg g− 1 | 0.9 | 1.91 ± 0.15a | 1.53 ± 0.23c | 1.86 ± 0.18ab | 1.81 ± 0.18b | 1.2 ± 0.2d |
 Etherified ferulates | FETH | mg g−1 | 0.34 | 1.05 ± 0.2a | 0.82 ± 0.26bc | 0.92 ± 0.19b | 1.05 ± 0.19a | 0.82 ± 0.26c |
 Cell wall concentration | CWC | mg g− 1 | 0.62 | 825.0 ± 20.0d | 850.2 ± 19.6b | 828.8 ± 19.4d | 840.7 ± 17.0c | 860.1 ± 21.3a |
 ARA + XYL + Man+GAL | AXMG | mg g− 1 | 0.7 | 259.8 ± 5.9b | 261.2 ± 6.5b | 260.4 ± 6.8b | 261.0 ± 6.1b | 266.5 ± 6.4a |
 ARA + XYL | AX | mg g− 1 | 0.73 | 240.1 ± 5.3c | 245.5 ± 5.8b | 241.3 ± 6.4c | 241.5 ± 5.6c | 252.1 ± 6.5a |
 Sucrose | SUC | mg g−1 | 0.81 | 14.77 ± 4.72a | 8.94 ± 4.37c | 16.30 ± 4.79a | 12.83 ± 3.50b | 5.65 ± 3.95d |
 Soluble glucose | GLCS | mg g− 1 | 0.81 | 10.50 ± 1.92ab | 8.30 ± 1.93c | 11.10 ± 1.88a | 10.21 ± 1.67b | 6.85 ± 2.01d |
 Fructose | FRU | mg g− 1 | 0.75 | 8.83 ± 2.25b | 6.57 ± 2.05c | 9.75 ± 2.46a | 8.20 ± 1.96b | 5.21 ± 2.10d |
 Total soluble carbohydrates | SC | mg g− 1 | 0.85 | 34.65 ± 8.60a | 22.75 ± 7.85c | 36.32 ± 8.61a | 29.4 ± 6.76b | 17.66 ± 7.39d |
 Starch | STA | mg g−1 | 0.55 | 8.11 ± 1.80ab | 7.73 ± 2.60b | 7.71 ± 2.06b | 7.95 ± 1.73b | 8.88 ± 2.20a |
 Non-structural carbohydrates (starch + SC) | NSC | mg g− 1 | 0.82 | 33.63 ± 10.14a | 21.28 ± 9.75c | 35.12 ± 10.35a | 29.13 ± 7.59b | 16.95 ± 9.04d |
 Total hexoses | HEX | mg g− 1 | 0.82 | 373.6 ± 9.7a | 359.8 ± 10.2b | 372.7 ± 7.7a | 375.1 ± 7.2a | 348.4 ± 10.8c |
 Total sugars | SUG | mg g− 1 | 0.62 | 664.8 ± 10.1b | 658.2 ± 10.9c | 666.7 ± 10.0ab | 668.8 ± 10.0a | 658.7 ± 11.6c |
Ethanol and potential ethanol | ||||||||
 Ethanol/g dry forage | ETOH | mg g− 1 | 0.81 | 79.79 ± 5.24ab | 73.41 ± 5.83c | 81.65 ± 6.06a | 79.22 ± 4.98b | 70.07 ± 6.02d |
 Pentose sugars relased/g dry forage | PENT | mg g−1 | 0.68 | 213.0 ± 5.2a | 217.3 ± 6.8b | 213.9 ± 5.9a | 214.3 ± 6.0a | 223.8 ± 7.4c |
 Proportion of hexoses that are non-structural or soluble | PSOL | % | 0.8 | 0.09 ± 0.03a | 0.06 ± 0.02c | 0.09 ± 0.03a | 0.07 ± 0.02b | 0.05 ± 0.02d |
 Pentose proportion of total carbohydrates | PPEN | % | 0.84 | 0.43 ± 0.01d | 0.44 ± 0.01b | 0.43 ± 0.01c | 0.43 ± 0.01 cd | 0.45 ± 0.01a |
 Theoretical ethanol from hexoses (excluding starch) | HEXE | mg g− 1 | 0.71 | 202.7 ± 4.5b | 198.4 ± 5.2c | 203.6 ± 3.9ab | 204.3 ± 3.9a | 194.9 ± 6.4d |
 Estimated ethanol from non-structural carbohydrates | NSCE | mg g− 1 | 0.79 | 17.10 ± 4.64a | 11.78 ± 4.74c | 17.98 ± 4.76a | 14.83 ± 3.64b | 9.74 ± 4.36d |
 Cell wall ethanol | CWE | mg g− 1 | 0.68 | 63.06 ± 4.14b | 59.61 ± 3.62c | 64.64 ± 3.74a | 63.76 ± 4.26ab | 59.03 ± 3.84c |
 Theoretical ethanol conversion efficiency from cell wall hexosans | CWEP | % | 0.48 | 35.28 ± 3.19b | 34.42 ± 2.88b | 36.23 ± 2.64a | 35.10 ± 2.87b | 34.35 ± 3.36b |
 Pentoses extraction efficiency | PENTP | % | 0.6 | 78.28 ± 1.10b | 78.53 ± 1.28b | 78.93 ± 1.11a | 78.40 ± 0.88b | 79.41 ± 1.23a |
 Hexose ethanol extraction efficiency | HEXEP | % | 0.68 | 42.02 ± 2.78b | 39.54 ± 2.83c | 43.38 ± 3.06a | 41.56 ± 2.83b | 37.30 ± 3.30d |
Forage quality composition | ||||||||
 In vitro dry matter digestibility | IVDMD | mg g− 1 | 0.71 | 360.3 ± 21.9a | 321.3 ± 22.1c | 363.4 ± 22.3a | 346.7 ± 19.7b | 308.6 ± 27.5d |
 Neutral detergent fiber | NDF | mg g−1 | 0.44 | 778.5 ± 15.9c | 790.2 ± 14.7ab | 773.0 ± 15.9c | 787.3 ± 14.4b | 793.7 ± 18.9a |
 Acid detergent fiber | ADF | mg g− 1 | 0.49 | 418.3 ± 17.9c | 431.8 ± 15.8a | 409.6 ± 17.5d | 421.6 ± 15.3bc | 425.6 ± 21.3ab |
 Acid detergent lignin | ADL | mg g− 1 | 0.47 | 66.1 ± 4.2b | 69.9 ± 4.0a | 64.6 ± 3.9c | 66.9 ± 4.0b | 68.6 ± 5.8a |
Total energy content | CAL | cal | 0.63 | 4115 ± 10a | 4095 ± 10d | 4112 ± 12ab | 4110 ± 11b | 4106 ± 12c |