Fig. 10

Relative expressions of key enzymes genes (HMGR, FPS, SS, SE, BPY, BPW) related to triterpene synthesis in transgenic birch seedlings. The y-axis values represent multipliers relative to the control. Reported values are the means of three replicates, and standard errors are indicated as vertical lines on the tops of the bars. * Indicates a significant difference between the control and experimental treatments (P < 0.05). ** Indicates a highly significant difference between the control and experimental treatments (P < 0.01)