Fig. 1

Direct effect of the biochar exudates on the behavior of M. graminicola (Mg). a Percentage of dead juveniles 24 h and 72 h after incubation in various concentrations of biochar exudates and water. b Penetration and development of biochar-incubated and water-incubated M. graminicola in rice roots. c Biochar-incubated and water-incubated nematodes were inoculated on rice roots and photographed at 7 dpi. d Biochar-incubated and water-incubated nematodes were inoculated on rice roots and photographed at 14 dpi. The bars in the different graphs represent the mean ± SE of the data from three independent biological replicates, each containing 6 individual plants. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences (Duncan’s multiple range test at p ≤ 0.05). J2: second stage juveniles. J3: third stage juveniles. J4: fourth stage juveniles