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Table 3 Intraspecific variation in the pollination characteristics of E. veratrifolia in the Eastern Himalayas and Israel (Ivri & Dafni, 1977). + = character present; - = character absent

From: The evolution of floral deception in Epipactis veratrifolia (Orchidaceae): from indirect defense to pollination

Characteristic

Israel

Eastern Himalayas

Anther cap green

+

+

Aphids black

+

-

Aphids green

-

+

Nectar secretion

+

-

Natural fruit set

0.155

0.33 –0.548