Species | Enzyme | Cleavage site | Substrates | Products | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arabidopsis thaliana (Thale cress) | AtCCD1 | 9,10 (9’,10’) | β-carotene | β-ionone | [46] |
9,10 (9’,10’) | zeaxanthin | 3-hydroxy-β-ionone | [47] | ||
9,10 (9’,10’) | lutein | 3-hydroxy-β-ionone | [25] | ||
9,10 (9’,10’) | violaxanthin | 5'6-epoxy-3-hydroxy-b-ionone | |||
9,10 (9’,10’) | neoxanthin | 5'6-epoxy-3-hydroxy-b-ionone | |||
9,10 (9’,10’) | lycopene | pseudoionione | |||
5,6 (5’,6’) | lycopene | MHO | |||
AtCCD4 | 9,10 (9’,10’) | 8’-apo-β-caroten-8’-al | β-ionone | [11] | |
Solanum lycopersicon (previously Lycopersicon esculentum) (Tomato) | LeCCD1a | 9,10 (9’,10’) | lutein | 3-hydroxy-b-ionone | [18] |
9,10 (9’,10’) | violaxanthin | 5'6-epoxy-3-hydroxy-b-ionone | [25] | ||
9,10 (9’,10’) | neoxanthin | 5'6-epoxy-3-hydroxy-b-ionone | |||
9,10 (9’,10’) | lycopene | pseudoionone | |||
5,6 (5’,6’) | lycopene | MHO | |||
9,10 (9’,10’) | β-carotene | β-ionone | |||
9,10 (9’,10’) | zeaxanthin | 3-hydroxy-β-ionone | |||
LeCCD1b | 9,10 (9’,10’) | β-carotene | β-ionone | [25] | |
9,10 (9’,10’) | lycopene | pseudoionone | |||
5,6 (5’,6’) | lycopene | MHO | |||
Petunia hybrid (Petunia) | PhCCD1 | 9,10 (9’,10’) | β-carotene | β-ionone | [18] |
Cucumis melo (Musk melon) | CmCCD1 | 9,10 (9’,10’) | phytoene | geranylacetone | [48] |
5,6 (5’,6’) | lycopene | pseudoionone | |||
9,10 (9’,10’) | β-carotene | β-ionone | |||
9,10 (9’,10’) | δ-carotene | α-ionone and pseudoionone | |||
Vitis vinifera (Grapevine) | VvCCD1 | 9,10 (9’,10’) | zeaxanthin | 3-hydroxy-β-ionone | [54] |
9,10 (9’,10’) | lutein | 3-hydroxy-β-ionone | [49] | ||
5,6 (5’,6’) | lycopene | MHO | This study | ||
9,10 (9’,10’) | ϵ-carotene | α-ionone | |||
VvCCD4a | 9,10 (9’,10’) | ϵ-carotene | α-ionone | This study | |
9,10 (9’,10’) | neurosporene | geranylacetone | |||
5,6 (5’,6’) | lycopene | MHO | |||
VvCCD4b | 9,10 (9’,10’) | ϵ-carotene | α-ionone | This study | |
9,10 (9’,10’) | neurosporene | geranylacetone | |||
9,10 (9’,10’) | ζ-carotene | geranylacetone | |||
Crocus sativus (Saffron crocus) | CsCCD1a | 9,10 (9’,10’) | β-carotene | β-ionone | [50] |
9,10 (9’,10’) | zeaxanthin | 3-hydroxy-β-ionone | [23] | ||
CsCCD1b | 9,10 (9’,10’) | β-carotene | β-ionone | [50] | |
9,10 (9’,10’) | zeaxanthin | 3-hydroxy-β-ionone | [23] | ||
CsCCD4a | 9,10 (9’,10’) | β-carotene | β-ionone | [23] | |
CsCCD4b | 9,10 (9’,10’) | β-carotene | β-ionone | [22] | |
CsZCD | 7,8(7′,8′) | zeaxanthin | crocetin dialdehyde | [50] | |
Fragaria ananassa (Strawberry) | FaCCD1 | 9,10 (9’,10’) | zeaxanthin | β-ionone | [51] |
9,10 (9’,10’) | lutein | 3-hydroxy-β-ionone | |||
9,10 (9’,10’) | β-apo-8’-carotenol | 3-hydroxy-a-ionone | |||
Zea mays (Maize) | ZmCCD1 | 9,10 (9’,10’) | ζ-carotene | geranylacetone | [25] |
9,10 (9’,10’) | lycopene | pseudoionone | |||
5,6 (5’,6’) | lycopene | MHO | |||
9,10 (9’,10’) | δ-carotene | α-ionone | |||
9,10 (9’,10’) | β-carotene | β-ionone | |||
9,10 (9’,10’) | zeaxanthin | 3-hydroxy-β-ionone | |||
Rosa damascena(Damask rose) | RdCCD1 | 9,10 (9’,10’) | β-carotene | β-ionone | [11] |
9,10 (9’,10’) | ζ-carotene | geranylacetone | |||
9,10 (9’,10’) | neoxanthin | grasshopper ketone | |||
9,10 (9’,10’) | lycopene | pseudoionone | |||
5,6 (5’,6’) | lycopene | MHO | |||
9,10 (9’,10’) | zeaxanthin | 3-hydroxy-β-ionone | |||
RdCCD4 | 9,10 (9’,10’) | β-carotene | β-ionone | [11] | |
9,10 (9’,10’) | 8’-apo-β-caroten-8’-al | β-ionone | |||
Oryza sativa (Asian rice) | OsCCD1 | 5,6 (5’,6’) | Lycopene | MHO | [20] |
7,8 (7’,8’) | lycopene | geranial | |||
9,10 (9’,10’) | lycopene | pseudoionone | |||
Osmanthus fragrans (Sweet osmanthus) | OfCCD1 | 9,10 (9’,10’) | α-carotene | α-ionone | [42] |
β-carotene | β-ionone | ||||
Chrysanthemum morifolium(Chrysanthemum) | CmCCD4a | 9,10 (9’,10’) | β-carotene | β-ionone | |
Malus domestica (Apple) | MdCCD4 | 9,10 (9’,10’) | β-carotene | β-ionone | [11] |
Solanum tuberosum (Potato) | StCCD4 | Unknown carotenoid | MHO | [53] |