Figure 4

Microscopic photographs showing the antagonistic effects of the different dimers on germination of Penicillium digitatum spores. Different concentrations of the dimers were incubated with 1000 spores per well for 16-18 h and these were used to generate the photographs. (A) Control (extraction from empty gel); (B) Control dimmer- 52.63 nM, inset- enlargement of one spore with cell wall damage; (C) Control dimer - 21.05 nM, arrows indicate hyphal tip abnormalities; (D) Control dimer -10.53 nM, arrows indicate hyphal tip abnormalities; (E) Dimer from Trichoderma treatment- 52.63 nM, inset- enlargement of spores with cell wall damage and fusions; (F) Dimer from Trichoderma treatment- 21.05 nM, arrows indicate hyphal tip abnormalities inset-arrow point to damage of cell wall in one of the spores; (G) Dimer from the Trichoderma treatment- 10.53 nM, arrows indicate hyphal tip abnormalities, inset- enlargement of one spore with cell wall damage; Bars on pictures represent 35 μm and bars in insets represent 10 μm.