Genome-wide identification and characterization of COMT gene family during the development of blueberry fruit

Background Caffeic acid O-methyltransferases (COMTs) play an important role in the diversification of natural products, especially in the phenylalanine metabolic pathway of plant. The content of COMT genes in blueberry and relationship between their expression patterns and the lignin content during fruit development have not clearly investigated by now. Results Ninety-two VcCOMTs were identified in Vaccinium corymbosum. According to phylogenetic analyses, the 92 VcCOMTs were divided into 2 groups. The gene structure and conserved motifs within groups were similar which supported the reliability of the phylogenetic structure groupings. Dispersed duplication (DSD) and whole-genome duplication (WGD) were determined to be the major forces in VcCOMTs evolution. The results showed that the results of qRT-PCR and lignin content for 22 VcCOMTs, VcCOMT40 and VcCOMT92 were related to lignin content at different stages of fruit development of blueberry. Conclusion We identified COMT gene family in blueberry, and performed comparative analyses of the phylogenetic relationships in the 15 species of land plant, and gene duplication patterns of COMT genes in 5 of the 15 species. We found 2 VcCOMTs were highly expressed and their relative contents were similar to the variation trend of lignin content during the development of blueberry fruit. These results provide a clue for further study on the roles of VcCOMTs in the development of blueberry fruit and could promisingly be foundations for breeding blueberry clutivals with higher fruit firmness and longer shelf life. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12870-020-02767-9.


Background
Blueberries have become widely appreciated worldwide because they contain phytonutrients such as flavonoids, which were discovered in the early 1900s [1][2][3][4]. The flavonoids in blueberry fruits have been confirmed to control diabetes, exert anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective, effects and protect eye health through their antioxidant activity [5]. Because the functions of blueberry component have made it to be accepted by an increasing number of people as "super fruits" [6], global blueberry production has greatly grown 35% from 2004 to 2016 [7]. However, because of respiration, evaporation, pathogen infection and cell wall degradation, the blueberry fruits have a characteristic of high perishability [8]. How to maintain the quality of flesh blueberry fruit is an urgent problem.
Major thrusts of research on the blueberry fruit softening are in two ways. One is on the mechanism of fruit softening related to cell wall structure and some hydrolytic enzyme [9,10], the other one is to extend shelf life by external treatment like cold stage [11], high oxygen treatment [12], cuticular wax preservation [13], ethylene absorbent treatment [14], sodium nitroprusside treatment [15] and acibenzolar-S-methyl treatment [8]. The main theory of sodium nitroprusside treatment and acibenzolar-S-methyl treatment is to improve the activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and CoA ligase (4CL) in lignin metabolism pathway and Peroxidase (POD) to catalyze the polymerization of precursors of phenolic substances into lignin phenols, so as to make the fruit lignified, strengthen the host cell wall and inhibit pathogen growth [16].
Lignin is a characteristic component of cell walls. Treatment of fruits can induce changes in the lignin biosynthesis pathway to influence the metabolites to have an effect on the pathogen infection and fruit firmness [17]. At present, many fruit trees and vegetables have been reported their effect of lignification on postharvest fruits, such as strawberry [18], red raspberry [19], zucchini fruit [20] and blueberry [15]. The main treatment methods of affecting lignification are external application after harvest. There are only a few studies on genetic modification to increase fruit lignification to make the preservation period prolonged effectively.
O-methyltransferases (OMTs) are a multifunctional enzyme in the lignin and flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, in Arabidopsis thaliana it can converse caffeic acid to ferulic acid and 5-OH coniferaldehyde/5-OH coniferyl alcohol to sinapaldehyde/sinapyl alcohol, forming G and S units of lignin [21]. COMTs catalyze N-acetyl serotonin into melatonin [22,23]. The overexpression of them also can help plant grow [24]. Sorghum bicolor COMT can be involved in tricin biosynthesis methylated the flavones luteolin and selgin [25]. The expression of MOMT4 in aspen can change the structure of lignin, which increase the crosslinking of condensed lignin subunits by G-units [26]. On the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, the antioxidant activity of flavonoids is related to the number of hydroxyl substituents: greater numbers of hydroxyl substituents are associated with stronger antioxidant and prooxidant activities. O-methylation of hydroxyl substituents inactivates both the antioxidant and prooxidant activities of flavonoids [27]. OMTs can be divided into two groups: PI-OMT I family and PI-OMT II family [28]. PI-OMT I family forms by CCoAOMTs, and COMTs belongs to PI-OMT II family. Most of COMTs have two types of domain, Dimerisation (PF08100) and Methylransf_2 (PF00891). There are 7 motifs conserved in COMTs, among them motif A and motif E may be the putative SAM-binding domains. COMTs have a wider range of catalytic substrates such as lignin precursors, alkaloids, flavonoids [29]. These compounds play an important role in plant growth and development and in the face of biotic and abiotic stresses. Therefore, plant OMT enzymes have been widely studied [2,30,31].
Publications of different plant genomes has enabled analyses of COMT family genes in several species to be carried out [32,33]. Blueberry has been widely studied because of its large amounts of flavonoids. The tetraploid blueberry genome was released in 2019 [34]. In this study, we identified COMTs family to find OMTs that may related to the methylation of lignin precursors and flavonoids during the growth and development of blueberry fruits Based on the genome of tetraploid blueberry. The results of this study will build foundations for breeding blueberry cultivars with higher fruit firmness and longer shelf life.

Phylogenetic and sequence analyses of COMT genes in blueberry
To identify COMT genes in the blueberry genome, one characterized sequence from Arabidopsis thaliana (AT5G54160) and 36 identified sequences from Populus trichoarpa were used as a set of queries in a BLASTP search (E < 1e-5) [35]. In all, 123 candidate sequences were retrieved from the blueberry genome. Then, all the 123 candidate sequences scanned for a Methyltransf_2 domain. Ninety-two sequences with a Methyltransf_2 domain were identified in blueberry. All of them were mapped to pseudochromosomes (VaccDscaff1-VaccDs-caff48) and renamed from VcCOMT1 to VcCOMT92 according to orders of location on the pseudochromosomes. Gene characteristics were analyzed in Table S1 (Additional file 1: Table S1). The result showed that VcCOMT56 was the shortest protein (112 amino acid) and the longest one was VcCOMT89. The analysis of molecular weight showed that 92 VcCOMT proteins ranged from 12 to 201 kDa, and the isoelectric point ranged from 4.62 to 8.73.
A maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree created by using blueberry COMT protein sequences showed that the sequences were distributed into 2 groups, and this finding was supported by high bootstrap values and gene structure (Fig. 1a). Gene structure and conserved domain analysis revealed that all COMTs had a Cterminal catalytic domain named Methyltransf_2 domain including a SAM/SAH binding pocket and a substratebinding site. Some of them showed a common structure with an N-terminal domain called Dimerization [36]. The SAM/SAH binding pocket was highly conserved, while the substrate binding sites were specific to proteins in different groups [37]. The domains of the COMTs in the same group had similar quantities and sizes of introns (Fig. 1b). For example, one Dimerization domain in all the groups was on the one exon. This situation of gene structure was different from Methyltransf_ 2 domain. In the Group Ia and Group Ib, VcCOMTs had Methyltransf_2 domain distributed by two exons which had one intron in the middle except VcCOMT6, VcCOMT61 and VcCOMT83. They had the Methyl-transf_2 domian distributed on three exons with two introns. Although the Methyltransf_2 domain also distributed on three exons with two introns in the Group II, the structure of domain was different from VcCOMT6, VcCOMT61 and VcCOMT83. The second exon in the Group II was very small. Different from the reported Populus trichoarpa that COMTs has only one Methyltransf_2 domain in one sequence, some blueberry COMTs had two or three Methyltransf_2 domains in one sequence [38]. However, the gene structure of Methyltransf_2 domain in VcCOMTs was similar in sequences in the same group. The differences in protein sequences among the blueberry COMTs were analyzed by using Multiple Expectation Maximization for Motif Elicitation (MEME) online tools. In all, 11 motifs were found in the blueberry COMT sequences [35]. Most of the motifs were same in two groups and they were in the same order in COMT sequences within the same group (Fig. 1c). Motifs 10 was special to Group I and only Group II had motif 8. The similar genetic structures and conserved motifs within groups supported the reliability of the phylogenetic structure groupings.

The Tandem (TD) events and collinearity analysis of VcCOMTs
According to previous studies, a chromosomal region 150-200 kb in length that contains two or more genes is evidence of a tandem [33]. Nine pairs of tandem gene pairs were found in the blueberry genome by MCscanX (VcCOMT1/VcCOMT2, VcCOMT4/ VcCOMT5, VcCOMT25/VcCOMT26, VcCOMT43/ VcCOMT44, VcCOMT52/VcCOMT53, VcCOMT58/ VcCOMT59, VcCOMT62/VcCOMT63, VcCOMT63/ VcCOMT64, VcCOMT75/VcCOMT76). Ninety-two COMTs were mapped to the 48 chromosomes exhibited evidence of 9 TD events on blueberry pseudochromosomes ( Fig. 2a) [39]. Ninety-two COMTs allowing for the detected of 83 collinear relationship (Fig. 2b). The line of same colour between two COMT genes on the chromosomes indicates collinearity. The collinearity of VcCOMTs among the different homologous chromosomes existed in different forms. The first form was one VcCOMT on the one chromosome while to the other VcCOMT was on the other chromosome just like group b, c, d, g (Fig. 2b). The other was one VcCOMT on the one chromosome to some VcCOMTs on the other chromosome just like VcCOMT11, VcCOMT12, VcCOMT14, VcCOMT15 had a collinearity to the VcCOMT3, respectively. This reasons for this phenomenon might be attributed to its allopolyploid genome [34]. Most of the events were located in highly duplicated blocks and were identified as WGD or segmental duplication events with MCScanX. This result indicated that the VcCOMT gene family has expanded and evolved through genome-wide duplication.

Analysis of VcCOMT gene promoters in blueberry
The start of transcription is a key stage of gene expression, and an important event in this stage is the interaction between RNA polymerase and the promoter. The structure of the promoter affects the binding affinity of RNA polymerase, thus affecting the level of gene expression [32]. We analyzed the cis-acting elements on blueberry COMT genes (Fig. 3). The results for the blueberry COMTs were similar to the results for Catalpa bungei COMTs [33]. According to the function, the cis-acting elements from COMTs could be divided into four classes. Light response-related motifs constituted the majority of the cis-acting elements on the blueberry COMTs and were distributed in all groups. This finding indicated that the COMT genes in blueberry may be controlled by light. Many cis-acting elements related to plant growth and development were found in the promoter region such as AACA motif and GCN4 motif related to the endosperm, RY-element related to seed-specific regulation, circadian which was a regulatory element involved in circadian control and MSA-like element related to cell cycle regulation. We found that there are some stressrelated cis-regulatory elements (CREs) and some hormone related CREs in the promoter region of COMTs such as LTR, ARE, TC-rich repeats and others related to stress response, ABRE, ERE, TGA-BOX, TCA, as-1 which related to hormone. And MYB binding sites, MYC binging sites and W-box were also found in the promoter region which were transcription factor binding sites with MYB, bHLH and WRKY protein. The promoters of VcCOMTs within the same subgroup were similar. Often, the sequences with higher similarities and higher collinearity on the homologous chromosomes, the types and even orders of the cis-acting elements of them were similar, just like VcCOMT59 and VcCOMT64, VcCOMT34 and VcCOMT66, VcCOMT60 and VcCOMT65 in the Group Ia, the VcCOMT26 and VcCOMT13, VcCOMT22 and VcCOMT9 in the Group Ib, the VcCOMT77 and VcCOMT82, VcCOMT78 and VcCOMT75, VcCOMT16, VcCOMT71 and VcCOMT72 in the Group II, especially within the paralogous pairs such as VcCOMT57 and VcCOMT92, VcCOMT85 and VcCOMT91, VcCOMT31 and VcCOMT80, VcCOMT37 and VcCOMT39. Similar regulatory elements within sequences may greatly influence similarities among gene expression patterns and gene functions. A large majority of VcCOMTs had ABRE, related to the abscisic acid and TCA motif related to the salicylic acid. The unique regulatory elements in different subgroups, may underlie the different functions of the genes in different subgroups, for example, GCN4, related to the endosperm, main distributed on VcCOMTs which were in Group Ib and Group II, while the circadian related to the circadian rhythm mainly distributed in Group Ia and Group Ib.

Evolutionary analysis of COMT genes in blueberry and other species
Four hundred twenty-five COMT sequences were identified in 16 plant genomes including one Chorolphyta, one Charophyte green algea (CGA) and 14 land plants by Hidden Markov Model (HMM) search (Fig. 4a). The CGA were the closest living relatives of land plants [40], but there was no putative COMT searched in Chara braunii. In the genome of green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, three putative COMTs were identified in it and they did not have complete Methyltransf_2 domain. Two of them had other domain Dimerisation2 (PF16864.5) which was different from land plant  in the Anthoceros angustus and Physcomitrella patens which didn't have vascular was 10 and 5 times higher than those in the Anthoceros angustus and Physcomitrella patens, respectively. The percentage of putative COMTs in the total number of genes as well as the number of COMTs per megabase of genome in Selaginella moellendorffii were found higher than in Bryophyta. They indicated that the expansion was not related necessarily to an increase in the genome size but could be determined by the development of new functions, the deposition of lignin and the existence of abundant flavonoids [41]. The number of COMTs in diploid apple and that in diploid grape was approximately half of that in tetraploid blueberry (Table 1). In the apple genomes, the percentage of putative COMTs was almost equal in the total number of genes with blueberry VcCOMTs while it was a two-fold decline in the grape genome. Rhododendron williamsianum and Vaccinium corymbosum were used to construct a phylogenetic tree, and the COMTs from the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were used as outgroups (Fig. 4b). The phylogenetic analysis indicated that the COMTs were divided into two clusters. The cluster I was red which was contained COMTs from all the 14 land species. The cluster II (clade is green) didn't have COMTs in the Anthoceros angustus, Physcomitrella patens, which indicating that they might be orthologous genes originating from a single ancestral gene but a new function of COMTs occurred from Selaginella moellendorffii and led to gene differentiation [49,50]. COMTs in Selaginella moellendorffii, were not clustered together with those in angiosperms, and the gymnosperm species in cluster II. The results suggested that COMT had been recruited for S lignin biosynthesis independently in angiosperms, the gymnosperm and Selaginella moellendorffii [51].
The collinearity analysis, gene duplication events and Ka/ Ks analysis of COMTs in blueberry and other plant species To infer the evolutionary mechanism of COMT genes in tetraploid blueberry, we analyzed the collinearity among Vitis vinifera which indicated a palaeo-hexaploid  ancestral genome for many dicotyledonous plants [46], Actinida chinensis which belongs to the Actindiaceae family in Ericales [52], an early divergent lineage within asterids and Rhododendron williamsianum which represented species-rich groups within Ericaceae [48] and Vacciniun corymbosum (Fig. 4c). The COMTs on homoeologous chromosomes that showed collinearity are indicated in the same colour in different plants. Two COMTs in the Actinida chinensis had one orthologous region in Vitis vinifera. One COMT in the Actinida chinensis had two orthologous regions in Vitis vinifera. These genes indicated that these orthologous pairs may have already existed before the ancient paleohexaplodiy (γ) event. COMTs of Actinida chinensis and Vacciniun corymbosum had higher collinearity. Most types of corresponding relationship of collinearity between COMTs in the Actinida chinensis and Vaccinium corymbosum were two COMTs in the Actinida chinensis to one COMT in the Vaccinium corymbosum. Some of corresponding relationship of collinearity between COMTs in two genomes were one COMTs to one COMTs in different genome indicating that some COMTs were lost during evolution. One COMT in the Actinida chinensis that had collinearity only with Vaccinium corymbosum among the other species, as shown in orange. These COMTs might have similar function. Interestingly, COMTs in Rhododendron williamsianum had highest collinearity with COMTs in Vaccinium corymbosum. The types between them were more complex, at most appeared 8 COMTs in Vaccinium corymbosum who had collinearity with one COMTs in the Rhododendron williamsianum.
COMT duplicated gene pairs were identified in four plants with DupGen_finder software. There were five categories of duplicated gene pairs, including WGD, TD, proximal duplication (PD), transposed duplication (TRD), and DSD pairs. Among the categories, the DSD category had the most duplicated gene pairs from the four plant species. In blueberry, the percentage of gene pairs derived from WGD was higher than the percentages of gene pairs derived from other processes. Grape had nearly the same numbers of PD-, TD-, and TRDderived gene pairs. These three categories of events might have played almost the same roles in the evolution of grape. The pattern for azalea was the similar as that for grape. In addition, DSDs played a major role in the evolution of azalea, and TDs and TRDs might have played similar evolutionary roles. The DSDs and WGDs were the major drivers of evolution in blueberry and kiwi fruit. The Ks values between the homologous genes were used to estimate the time of divergence of the diploid progenitors from their most recent common ancestor (MRCA), which was determined to be between approximately 0.94 and 1.02 million years ago. According to the eq. T = Ks/2λ (λ, synonymous substitution rate; λ = 1.3e-8) [34], 42 COMT pairs were derived from WGD in blueberry before the estimated time of divergence of the diploid progenitors from their MRCA, while 4 were derived after that. The selection pressures on the COMTs in the four plant species were explored based on the Ka/Ks ratios. A Ka/Ks ratio greater than 1 indicated positive selection, a Ka/Ks ratio equal to 1 indicated neutral evolution, and a Ka/Ks ratio less than 1 indicated purifying selection at a low evolutionary rate. The Ka/Ks values of the COMT pairs in the four plant species were all less than 1 (Fig. 4d).

Gene expression analyses with differential expression COMTs in blueberry fruits
Twenty-two VcCOMTs that were differentially expressed during fruit development according to their expression in the transcriptome analysis (|log2(fold change, FC)| > 1, P value < 0.05) were selected for qRT-PCR at different fruit development stages. Based on the lignin content, we selected three genes related to lignin changes during fruit development, VcCOMT62, VcCOMT40 and VcCOMT92 (Fig. 5, Additional file 4: Table S3). The expression trends of VcCOMTs and the content variation trends of lignin in the early time were similar, which increased in s1 to s2 and then decreased. The s2 was the highest point. The trend of VcCOMT62 was consistent with that of lignin during the fruit development, but the relative expression content was very low. The relative content of VcCOMT40 and VcCOMT92 was relatively high in fruit development stage. The lowest expression of VcCOMT40 and VcCOMT92 were different from the lignin in the lowest lignin content during the fruit development. VcCOMT40 and VcCOMT92 were on the homologous chromosomes which had high sequence similarity in the gene collinearity region. After designing a pair of primers in the collinear region between VcCOMT40 and VcCOMT92, the expression trend was consistent with that of lignin during the fruit development stage. According to the results of multiple sequence alignment (Fig. 6), VcOMT40 and VcCOMT92 contained the same substrate binding sites with COMT who could catalytic caffeic acid and 5-OH coniferaldehyde [37].

Discussion
COMTs could react to various substrates, such as phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, and alkaloids; thus, they were ubiquitous in plants because of their importance in plants adaptation to the environment and to adversity [30,53]. As long ago as in the last century, scientists began to be interested in the roles of COMT genes in plants [54,55]. The publication of different plant Fig. 5 The lignin content and relative quantification of VcCOMTs during s1-s6 fruit development. The first line is the broken line chart of lignin content, the relative content of lignin in vertical coordinate, and the abscissa of different fruit development stages; The rest were 22 VcCOMTs relative quantitative histogram, abscissa was different fruit development period, ordinate was relative content of genes genomes had enabled analyses of COMT family genes in several species to be carried out [38,56,57]. Blueberry had been widely studied because of its large amounts of flavonoids. The tetraploid blueberry genome was released in 2019, and 92 COMTs have been identified, named VcCOMT1-VcCOMT92 based on their chromosome positions. According to phylogenetic and gene structure analyses, these 92 COMT genes could be Fig. 6 VcCOMT40, VcCOMT92 Multiple sequence alignment was performed with other related to lignin COMT. Green: SAM binding; Blue: Substrate binding; Orange: catalytic residues divided into 2 groups, named Group Ia, Group Ib and Group II. The sequences and structural similarities were greater within the same branch than between branches. Based on analysis of the conserved motifs, the three groups of COMTs can be roughly divided into two categories [20]. Among the Group Ia and Group Ib all contain motif 10, while the other groups do not. Motif 10 is approximately 15-50 amino acids upstream of the VcCOMT sequence and forms the back wall of the binding pocket [36,37,57,58]. Perhaps because of the different binding substrates, the VcCOMT sequences of the two categories are different from each other. We identified these motifs which were highly conserved in COMTs. Some residues in four motifs (motif I: DVGGG, motif II: DLPHV, motif III: GDMF, and motif IV: VPKG DAIFLKWI) are related to the SAM/SAH binding site [58]. Motif 2 of the VcCOMTs contained motif I (DVGGG) and some of motif II (DLPHV). Motif 1 of the VcCOMTs contained motif III (GDMF) and motif IV (VPKGDAIFLKWI) (Additional file 2: Fig.S1) [28]. Gene duplication probably contributes to the evolution of species and to the adaptation of species to their environments [59]. In the blueberry genome, candidate VcCOMTs were analyzed according to the collinearity of homoeologous chromosomes with MCscanX [60]. The numbers of VcCOMTs with collinearity differed on different chromosomes (Fig. 2b). The many-to-one ratio may exist because some copies of COMT in different chromosomes have been lost due to the influence of the environment during the evolution of blueberry or because some redundant genes with incomplete domains are present. The one-to-many ratio may be a result of distinct subfunctionalization and neofunctionalization. Two COMTs sequences with collinearity and high sequence similarity on homologous chromosomes had similar promoter sequence in the blueberry genome. The cis-regulatory elements present in the promoter regions were the binding sites of COMTs gene with other proteins to play a central role in regulating gene transcription. There were a large number of light response related regulatory elements, rhythm elements and regulatory elements that promote plant endosperm and seed growth, which may be related to plant growth and lignin synthesis [61,62]. In the promoter region of the COMT genes of blueberry, some regulatory elements related to hormones and stress were also found, which was consistent with previous studies. When plants were stressed or treated with external hormones, the content of COMTs increased [63][64][65][66].
In this study, different numbers of COMTs were identified in 15 plant species ranging from algae to land plants ( Table 1). The evolution of COMTs from algae to land plants led to a change in the Dimerization domain (Additional file 1: Table S2, Additional file 3: Fig.S2). Furthermore, we found that the number of COMTs in Selaginella moellendorffii was greater than the numbers in other dicotyledonous species and less than the numbers in Vitis vinifera, Malus X domestica and Vaccinium corymbosum. The development of vascular tissues underlies the differences between Selaginella moellendorffii and Bryophytes. Lignin is the main component of vascular tissue and provides plants with structural support to stand upright. COMTs are important methyltransferases in lignin biosynthesis that methylate components of lignin similar to the S units in Selaginella moellendorffii [51]. The present research suggests that the evolution of lignin in land plants correlates with the evolution of COMT genes [38].
Comparison of the collinearity of the VcCOMTs in blueberry with the COMTs in the other plant species showed that the VcCOMTs that had collinearity with other COMTs were almost the same for the different species. Some COMT collinearity gene pairs between blueberry and kiwi fruit exhibited form of one COMT gene in blueberry to two COMT genes in kiwi fruit, but the collinearity pairs between blueberry and azalea exhibited one-to-many form. Perhaps the results indicated that kiwi fruit has undergone two rounds of WGD [39,47]. And form indicates that COMT genes were duplicated after the differentiation of Vaccinium corymbosum and Rhododendron williamsianum. Gene duplication has five forms: DSD, PD, TRD, TD, and WGD [39]. Different gene replication patterns have different effects on the expansion of the COMT family in different plant species. DSD was the main feature of evolution in the four plant species except grape. Previous studies have revealed that the COMT genes all have tandem duplicates on all of the homoeologous chromosomes [34]. In the current study, TD of VcCOMTs was not identified on all of the homoeologous chromosomes by MCscanX. Fewer VcCOMTs arose through TD than through WGD. However, amplification of COMT genes in the blueberry genome occurred mainly through DSD and WGD. In contrast, the main drivers of gene expansion are WGD and TD in Populus [38]. In citrus, the numbers of TD and WGD events are similar [35]. COMTs have similar gene copy numbers in maize, rice and foxtail millet, and gene expansions in these genomes are mainly generated by TD and segmental duplication [32]. The WGD Ks of kiwi fruit COMTs is less than the Ad-β mean Ks of Actinidia chinensis. This result suggests that the WGD of kiwi fruit COMTs occurred before the shared WGD of Ad-β. The WGD Ks of tetraploid blueberry COMTs is also less than the Ad-β mean Ks of diploid blueberry. This result suggests that the WGD of tetraploid blueberry VcCOMTs occurred before the shared Ericales WGD Ad-β event. The WGD Ks of Rhododendron williamsianum COMTs is between the Ks of the Ad-β event and the Ks of the At-γ event. This suggests that the WGD of Rhododendron williamsianum occurred between two shared events. The Ka/Ks ratios of the five gene replication patterns of the COMTs from the four plant species were less than 1, indicating that the COMTs have experienced strong purifying selection [48].
During fruit development, the content of lignin in fruit increased first and then decreased. This phenomenon may be related to the formation of lignin during fruit development. In the early stage, the fruit swells and hardens, and the lignin content becomes high. From the green fruit stage to the colour-turning stage, the fruit becomes soft, and the lignin content shows a downward trend [67]. Based on the VcCOMT differential expression data from RNA-seq, 22 VcCOMTs were selected for detection of gene expression using qRT-PCR. Three genes had similar trend as lignin expression during fruit development. Although VcCOMT62 had same trend as lignin expression during fruit development. The relative expression of it during the fruit development was too low. It indicated that it was not a main gene to related to lignin content during fruit development. The relative expression of VcCOMT40 and VcCOMT92 during the fruit development was almost highest among all the VcCOMTs. But the expression trend of single gene was slightly different from that of lignin during the fruit development. Because of the high similarity of sequence, in order to reflected the role of individual genes, primers were designed where most of their sequences are different. We designed a pair of primers in the homologous region, including four VcCOMT genes (VcCOMT38, VcCOMT57, VcCOMT40, VcCOMT92) with very high similarity. When we performed qRT-PCR again, it found that the trend was consistent with that of lignin during fruit development. It is suggested that more than one gene is responsible for the biosynthesis of lignin content.

Conclusions
Here, we identified 92 COMT genes from blueberry and 425 COMT genes from 15 other species. According to phylogenetic analysis of COMTs, we divided the COMTs into two groups, which indicated the existence of two ancestor genes. DSD and WGD were revealed to be the major forces of blueberry evolution. The Ka/Ks ratios of the gene duplication patterns for the COMTs from the four plant species were less than 1, indicating that the COMTs have experienced strong purifying selection. According to the qRT-PCR results for 22 VcCOMTs, VcCOMT40, VcCOMT92 were highly expressed and may play important roles in the synthesis of lignin of blueberry fruit. The results of this study will build foundations for breeding blueberry cultivars with higher fruit firmness and longer shelf life.

Plant materials
The samples were fruits of 'Northland' blueberry plants at 6 stages of growth and development that were obtained from the blueberry germplasm resource garden of Jilin Agricultural University. Stages 1 to 3 were sorted by increasing size (stage 1, 2-3.5 mm in diameter; stage 2, 4-7 mm; stage 3, 7-9 mm). Stages 3 to 6 were sorted by fruit color (stage 3, white blue, stage 4, 25-50% red skin; stage 5, predominantly purple skin with some red; stage 6, entirely dark blue and soft texture) [67] (Fig. 7). The samples were taken from three different robust trees, frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at − 80°C.

Identification of COMT genes in the genomes of blueberry and other plants
The graft blueberry genome was downloaded from the CoGe genome database (https://genomevolution.org/coge/ SearchResults.pl?s=Vaccinium&p=genome). To identify complete COMT genes in the blueberry genome, one characterized sequence from Arabidopsis thaliana (AT5G54160) and 36 identified sequences from Populus trichoarpa were used as a set of queries in a BLASTP search (E < 1e-5). All the searched sequences were scanned for a specific domain (PF00891) with HMM in Pfam (http://pfam.xfam.org). Then, each possible sequence was analysed with the online program CD-search (https://www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/bwrpsb/bwrpsb.cgi) to identify the complete domains. We further identified COMT sequences in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Anthoceros Fig. 7 The stage of blueberry development naming s1 -s6 angustus, Physcomitrella patens, Selaginella moellendorffii, Ginkgo biloba, Amborella trichopoda, Oryza sativa, Arabidopsis thaliana, Populus trichocarpa, Malus domestica, Rubus occidentalis, Vitis vinifera, Actinidia chinensis, Rhododendron williamsianum by HMM search.
Phylogenetic, domain motif and gene structure analyses for the predicted VcOMT genes First, the protein sequences of VcCOMTs from blueberry and other species were subjected to multiple sequence alignment and ML methods with 1000 bootstrap replicates in MEGA 7.0. The domain sequences of VcCOMTs from blueberry were predicted with CDsearch. TBtools was used to perform exon/intron structure analysis for the VcCOMT genes (https://github. com/CJ-Chen/TBtools) with the mRNA sequences and genomic sequences [68]. The MEME suite (http:// meme-suite.org/tools/meme) was used to analyze the motifs of VcOMT sequences with the following parameter setting: out motifs, 11.

Analysis of collinearity between COMTs from blueberry and COMTs from other species
Collinearity analysis of VcCOMTs was performed with MCScanX (https://github.com/tanghaibao/jcvi/wiki/ MCscan-(Python-version). Software was used to analyse the collinearity of COMTs between kiwi fruit and grape, blueberry and azalea, and blueberry and kiwi fruit.

Analysis of COMT gene promoters in blueberry
The elements in the promoter fragments of the VcCOMT genes (1500 bp upstream of the translation initiation sites) were identified using the online program PlantCARE (http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/ plantcare/html/).

Gene duplication and calculation Ka and Ks with COMTs from four species
The gene duplication from blueberry, grape, azalea and kiwi fruit was by DupGen_finder (https://github.com/ qiao-xin/DupGen_finder), and Ka, Ks and the Ka/Ks ratio were calculated using the KaKs_Caculator by GLWL model. Therefore, a P-value < 0.05 was retained.

Expression analysis of VcCOMTs in blueberry by qRT-PCR
Twenty-two VcOMTs were selected for qRT-PCR. The primers for the genes were designed using Primer Premier 5.0. Total RNA was isolated from s1-s6 fruits by the CTAB isolation method. The RNA was checked from a 1.2% agarose gel under UV light with no smearing before concentration detection by spectrophotometry. One microgram of total RNA was used to synthesize cDNA with a PrimeScript™ RT Reagent Kit with gDNA Eraser (TaKaRa, Japan) following the manufacturer's instructions. The detailed methods of the experiment followed the instructions for SYBR Premix Ex Tag (Tli Rnase H Plus). VcOMT genes expression were analyzed in an ABI StepOnePlus Real-Time Quantitative PCR System (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). The thermos cycling parameters were the same as those used by Chen [69]. The EIF gene of blueberry was amplified with EIFF and EIFR primers (Additional file 1: Table S2) and used as a control to normalize the expression of the VcOMTs [70]. The real-time amplification data were analyzed by the Chen method, and a 40-cycle melting curve analysis was performed to ensure the reliability of the expression results. The results are expressed as the normalized relative expression levels (2 −ΔCT ) of the genes in various samples [69]. All experiments were run in triplicate.