Fig. 1

Effects of CAS gene overexpression on seed germination and growth. WT and CAS-OE seeds were sown on 1/2 MS medium without NaCl (A) or with 50 mM NaCl (B), 100 mM NaCl (C), or 200 mM NaCl (D), and seed germination and growth are shown after seven days of incubation. E The germination speed (T₅₀), root length, and fresh weight were compared between different samples under normal and salt stress conditions. Data are the means ± SD of five independent experiments. Different lowercase letters above the bars represent significant differences according to post hoc analysis (Tukey’s HSD, P < 0.05). The following abbreviations for CAS gene overexpression were used for labeling in this figure and the following figures: C1-OE, CYS-C1-OE; D1, CYS-D1-OE; D2, CYS-D2-OE