From: Season, storage and extraction method impact on the phytochemical profile of Terminalia ivorensis
Phytochemical class | Phytochemical metabolites | Petroleum ether extract (ng/mg) | Chloroform extract (ng/mg) | Ethyl acetate extract (ng/mg) | Ethanol extract (ng/mg) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dry season | Rainy season | Dry season | Rainy season | Dry season | Rainy season | Dry season | Rainy season | ||
Acetophenones | 3,4,5-trimethoxyacetophenone | 2.7 ± 0.6 | ND | ND | ND | 2.0 ± 0.2 | ND | 2.1 ± 0.5 | ND |
 | 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyacetophenone | 36.4 ± 6.2 | 0.2 ± 0.1*** | 4.6 ± 1.1 | ND | 4.8 ± 1.1 | ND | 3.9 ± 0.9 | ND |
 | 4-hydroxyacetophenone | 10.1 ± 2.1 | ND | 12.2 ± 2.8 | 4.1 ± 1.1** | 5.3 ± 1.2 | 8.1 ± 1.8 | 4.6 ± 1.1 | ND |
Amines | Dopamine | ND | 3.1 ± 0.7 | ND | 3.0 ± 0.7 | ND | 7.4 ± 1.8 | ND | 6.6 ± 1.6 |
 | Spermidine | 20.6 ± 5.1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Benzaldehydes | 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde | 4.9 ± 1.1 | 9.3 ± 1.3 | 1.7 ± 0.4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
 | P-hydroxybenzaldehyde | ND | 9.9 ± 2.4 | 34.4 ± 4.7 | 24.7 ± 5.1 | ND | 9.0 ± 2.2 | 6.6 ± 1.3 | 3.7 ± 0.9 |
 | Protocatachaldehyde | ND | ND | 54.8 ± 13.7 | ND | 36.7 ± 9.1 | ND | 114.8 ± 28.7 | ND |
 | Syringin | 21.2 ± 4.2 | 55.2 ± 6.5* | 77.6 ± 14.2 | 57.2 ± 9.6 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 17.2 ± 3.4*** | 10.4 ± 2.1 | 4.8 ± 1.2* |
 | Vanillin | 132.8 ± 23.7 | 210.4 ± 23.8 | 359.6 ± 48.6 | 179.2 ± 23.3* | 7.7 ± 1.4 | 48.2 ± 8.3* | 43.2 ± 6.1 | 42.3 ± 5.6 |
Benzenes | 1,2-dihydroxybenzene | ND | ND | ND | ND | 984 ± 246 | ND | ND | ND |
 | 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 64.0 ± 16.0 | ND |
Benzoic acids | 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid | 14.2 ± 3.5 | ND | ND | ND | 58 ± 14.5 | ND | ND | ND |
 | 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid | 18 ± 4.5 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
 | 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid | ND | ND | ND | ND | 22.1 ± 5.5 | ND | ND | ND |
 | 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.2 ± 1.3 | ND | ND | ND |
 | 3,4-dimethoxybenzoic acid | ND | ND | ND | ND | 99.6 ± 24.9 | ND | ND | ND |
 | Anthranilic acid | ND | ND | ND | ND | 6.8 ± 1.6 | ND | 7.6 ± 1.8 | ND |
 | Benzoic acid | 291.6 ± 29.3 | 165.6 ± 31.1* | 620.1 ± 79.7 | 468.3 ± 72.2 | 281.6 ± 37.5 | 218.0 ± 34.6 | 249.2 ± 31.6 | 476 ± 49.8* |
 | Chlorogenic acid | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 10.1 ± 2.2 | 27.2 ± 3.4* |
 | Gallic acid | ND | ND | 37.9 ± 9.4 | ND | 3200 ± 512.3 | 3880 ± 486.8 | 15,360 ± 4102 | 2684 ± 245.3*** |
 | P-anisic acid | 31.1 ± 4.8 | 26.3 ± 5.1 | 30.1 ± 4.6 | 18.6 ± 2.3 | ND | 27.2 ± 6.8 | ND | 18.4 ± 4.6 |
 | P-hydroxybenzoic acid | ND | ND | 55.6 ± 5.8 | 1.2 ± 0.4*** | 6.2 ± 1.8 | 22.1 ± 3.2 | 40.8 ± 3.6 | 7.8 ± 2.2* |
 | Protocatechuic acid | ND | ND | 19.4 ± 4.8 | ND | 249.2 ± 25.6 | 134 ± 18.7* | 532 ± 54.8 | 119.2 ± 32.4** |
 | Salicylic acid | 25,280 ± 3026 | 71.2 ± 14.7*** | 39.1 ± 3.1 | 57.6 ± 8.2 | 76.4 ± 16.8 | 46.4 ± 13.3* | 36.1 ± 4.8 | 50.8 ± 4.9 |
 | Syringic acid | ND | 0.1 ± 0.02 | 62.4 ± 12.1 | 37.6 ± 2.5 | 100.4 ± 21.5 | 17.1 ± 3.3*** | 33.7 ± 8.4 | ND |
 | Vanillic acid | 48.4 ± 6.9 | 39.8 ± 11.4 | 348.8 ± 47.8 | 96.4 ± 15.3** | 84.8 ± 16.2 | 44.0 ± 8.1* | 100.4 ± 17.3 | 29.2 ± 7.2*** |
Cinnamic acids | Caffeic acid | ND | ND | ND | ND | 391.6 ± 42.8 | 23.5 ± 4.1*** | 303.6 ± 43.4 | 19.3 ± 4.2*** |
 | Cinnamic acid | ND | 3.3 ± 0.6 | ND | 5.0 ± 1.2 | 7.0 ± 1.7 | ND | ND | ND |
 | Ferulic acid | 15 ± 3.6 | 3.1 ± 0.7** | 92.4 ± 8.3 | 54.4 ± 7.9 | 516.0 ± 52.7 | 52.4 ± 8.4*** | 400.9 ± 76.5 | 22.2 ± 3.2*** |
 | P-coumaric acid | ND | ND | 11.2 ± 2.2 | 11.4 ± 2.5 | 58.8 ± 6.8 | 54.8 ± 7.1 | 384.8 ± 34.8 | 38.8 ± 5.5*** |
 | Sinapic acid | ND | ND | ND | ND | 11.4 ± 2.8 | ND | ND | ND |
Coumarins | Coumarin | 3.0 ± 0.6 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Flavonoids | Apigenin | ND | ND | 12.7 ± 2.6 | 9.6 ± 2.9 | 12.2 ± 2.3 | 14.9 ± 3.4 | 13.4 ± 3.2 | 12.4 ± 3.4 |
 | Bergapten | ND | ND | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | ND | 1.7 ± 0.4 | ND | ND |
 | Biochanin A | ND | 14.3 ± 3.3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
 | Catechin | ND | ND | 25.9 ± 3.4 | 32.5 ± 5.7 | 18,800 ± 4286.1 | 16,280 ± 3621.3 | 17,920 ± 3532 | 12,480 ± 2642.4 |
 | Didymin | ND | 9.4 ± 2.5 | ND | 9.2 ± 2.3 | ND | 10.1 ± 2.5 | ND | 10.2 ± 2.5 |
 | Epicatechin | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3204 ± 801 | ND | 2408 ± 147.7 | 56.2 ± 14.2*** |
 | Epigallocatechin | ND | ND | ND | ND | 2472 ± 618 | ND | 1832 ± 458 | ND |
 | Epigallocatechin gallate | ND | ND | ND | ND | 34.3 ± 3.9 | 165.2 ± 31.4*** | 1128 ± 122.4 | 114.4 ± 21.6*** |
 | Ethylferulate | 198.1 ± 49.6 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
 | Formononetin | ND | 3.7 ± 0.9 | ND | 4.4 ± 1.1 | ND | 3.8 ± 0.9 | ND | 3.9 ± 0.9 |
 | Gallocatechin | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5720 ± 652.5 | 684 ± 55.8*** | 4960 ± 672.5 | 456 ± 59.8*** |
 | Genstein | ND | ND | 16.1 ± 2.1 | 13.2 ± 3.2 | 14.4 ± 4.1 | 16.9 ± 3.8 | 15.4 ± 2.8 | 15.0 ± 3.2 |
 | Hesperidin | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 24.2 ± 6.0 | ND | 22.8 ± 5.7 |
 | Hesperitin | ND | 17.4 ± 4.5 | 17.7 ± 3.5 | 82.6 ± 13.4*** | 3.3 ± 0.4 | 55.6 ± 5.1*** | 2.8 ± 0.3 | 57.6 ± 4.4*** |
 | Imperatorin | ND | 10.2 ± 2.5 | 3.5 ± 0.9 | 3.7 ± 0.7 | ND | 5.1 ± 1.2 | 5.6 ± 1.5 | 4.8 ± 1.4 |
 | Kaempferol | ND | ND | 27.1 ± 6.7 | ND | 35.0 ± 8.7 | ND | 56 ± 14 | ND |
 | Luteolin | ND | ND | ND | ND | 31.2 ± 2.5 | 33.2 ± 4.8 | 28.1 ± 5.2 | 31.8 ± 4.5 |
 | Morin | ND | 47.2 ± 11.2 | 100.4 ± 15.7 | 208.5 ± 34.2** | ND | 82.0 ± 20.5 | ND | 82.8 ± 20.7 |
 | Myricetin | ND | ND | ND | ND | 138.8 ± 32.3 | 94.8 ± 19.8 | 139.2 ± 24.4 | 94.4 ± 21.2 |
 | Naringenin | ND | ND | 66.4 ± 11.2 | 77.2 ± 13.6 | 42.4 ± 6.7 | 114.8 ± 16.8*** | 61.6 ± 17. | 99.2 ± 15.3** |
 | Neohesperidin | ND | ND | ND | 10.6 ± 2.6 | 16.9 ± 2.5 | 25.9 ± 4.6 | 32.4 ± 5.7 | 124 ± 23.5*** |
 | Niacin | ND | ND | ND | ND | 322.8 ± 80.7 | ND | 54.8 ± 13.7 | ND |
 | Phloretin | ND | ND | ND | 3.8 ± 0.9 | 40.4 ± 5.2 | 64 ± 7.3 | 44.4 ± 5.3 | 34.1 ± 5.1 |
 | Phloridzin | 1.7 ± 0.4 | ND | ND | ND | 8.1 ± 1.2 | 75.2 ± 12.5*** | 34.0 ± 4.5 | 58.4 ± 6.2 |
 | Psoralen | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.3 ± 0.3 | ND | 3.2 ± 0.7 | 2.6 ± 0.4 |
 | Quercetin | ND | ND | 31.9 ± 7.9 | ND | 68.8 ± 9.2 | 63.2 ± 8.4 | 90.4 ± 8.7 | 52.8 ± 6.3* |
 | Quercetin-3-glucoside | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 65.6 ± 16.4 | 30.1 ± 3.8 | 51.2 ± 4.4 |
 | Resveratrol | ND | ND | ND | ND | 23.8 ± 5.4 | 5.1 ± 1.3* | 12.7 ± 3.1 | ND |
 | Tangeretin | 6.5 ± 2.1 | 7.6 ± 2.2 | 12.8 ± 3.1 | 9.0 ± 2.7 | 5.9 ± 1.3 | 15.1 ± 2.4** | 16.5 ± 3.4 | 13.1 ± 2.8 |
 | Taxifolin | ND | ND | 8.4 ± 2.1 | ND | 112 ± 25.6 | 135.6 ± 24.3 | 100 ± 19.7 | 111.2 ± 24.4 |
 | Scopoletin | 13.1 ± 3.3 | 1.5 ± 0.1*** | 6.3 ± 1.2 | 41.2 ± 4.4* | 30.2 ± 7.5 | ND | 31.3 ± 7.8 | ND |
Indoles | Indole | ND | ND | ND | 11.4 ± 2.8 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
 | Indole-3-acetic acid | ND | ND | ND | ND | 21.0 ± 5.2 | ND | ND | ND |
 | Indole-3-pyruvic acid | ND | ND | ND | ND | 201.2 ± 31.7 | 624 ± 121.7*** | ND | 844 ± 211 |
Lignans | Indole-3-carboxaldehyde | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 2.6 ± 0.4 | 2.3 ± 0.4 | 9.6 ± 1.8* | 7.0 ± 1.3 | 11.2 ± 2.4 | 17.2 ± 4.2 | 5.8 ± 1.3** |
 | Pinoresinol | ND | 18.3 ± 4.5 | 45.6 ± 5.6 | 29.9 ± 3.7 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
 | Secoisolariciresinol | ND | 2.0 ± 0.5 | 468.2 ± 38.4 | 145.6 ± 23.3*** | 221.6 ± 39.7 | 112.8 ± 23.8* | 82.8 ± 5.7 | 82.4 ± 8.2 |
 | Syringaresinol | ND | ND | 444.0 ± 50.2 | 440.0 ± 46.7 | 504 ± 126 | ND | ND | ND |
Phenols | 2-hydroxybenzyl alcohol | ND | 18.3 ± 4.5 | ND | 25.4 ± 6.2 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
 | Hydroxytyrosol | ND | ND | ND | ND | 159.2 ± 39.8 | ND | ND | ND |
Phenylacetic acids | Phenylacetic acids | 12.2 ± 4.3 | 49.6 ± 6.5* | 2.4 ± 0.7 | 34.4 ± 4.9** | 37.3 ± 9.3 | ND | 12.9 ± 3.2 | ND |
Phenyllactic acids | Phenyllactic acid | ND | ND | ND | ND | 40.4 ± 10.1 | ND | 0.9 ± 0.1 | ND |
Phenylpropionic acids | 4-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid | ND | ND | 368.0 ± 96.0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
 | 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylpropionic acid | ND | 1.8 ± 0.4 | ND | 17.5 ± 4.3 | 2.8 ± 0.3*** | 1.6 ± 0.3 | ND | ND |
Phenylpyruvic acids | 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid | 540 ± 60.2 | 2796 ± 306.8*** | 708.2 ± 65.5 | 408.3 ± 40.7 | 5160 ± 1290 | ND | ND | 608 ± 152 |