Fig. 5

Effect of AMF on the accumulations of H₂O₂, O₂^-., and concentration of MDA in the third fully expanded leaves of peanut plants under stressful conditions. The peanut seeds were inoculated with/without AMF before exposing to normal/salt/drought/cold growth conditions. On the 8^th day after the onset of stress treatments, the leaves were excised, and the histochemical staining of (a) H₂O₂ (DAB staining) and O₂^-. (NBT staining) were performed. Vertical bar = 1 cm. Meanwhile, the leaves were collected and the (b) concentration of H₂O₂, (c) O₂^-. production rate, and (d) concentration of MDA were measured. Bars represent the mean values of three biological replicates with standard deviation; asterisks indicate a significant difference in comparison to non-AMF according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05)