Fig. 2

Effect of AMF on gas exchange in the third fully expanded leaves of peanut plants under stressful conditions. (a) Net photosynthetic rate (Pn), (b) stomatal conductance (Gs), (c) intercellular CO₂ concentration (Ci), and (d) transpiration rate (Tr). The peanut seeds were inoculated with/without AMF before exposing to normal/salt/drought/cold growth conditions. The gas exchange parameters were measured on the 8^th day after the onset of stress treatments. Bars represent the mean values of three biological replicates with standard deviation; asterisks indicate a significant difference in comparison to non-AMF according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05)