Fig. 1

Effects of B. japonicum on plant growth under salt stress. Arabidopsis developmental phenotypes were analyzed in response to salt stress, in the presence (inoculated) or absence (non-inoculated) of B. japonicum. A Representative images of whole seedlings display root growth differences, while graphs show (B) shoot biomass, (C) root biomass, and (D) new primary root growth comparisons between treatments. Measurements of (E) total chlorophyll and (F) malondialdehyde (MDA) (G) sodium (ppm) content in the shoot tissue of Arabidopsis after fourteen days of co-cultivation with B. japonicum and seven days of salt (100 mM NaCl) stress or control treatment. Data are the mean ± standard error with different letters indicating significant differences. Scale bars indicate 1.3 cm; ANOVA-Tukey, p < 0.05