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Table 3 Productivity (mg/L) of phytosterols in L. aequinoctialis culture according to various melatonin (10 µM) treatment timings

From: Exogenous melatonin enhances the growth and production of bioactive metabolites in Lemna aequinoctialis culture by modulating metabolic and lipidomic profiles

Compounds

Control

0 Day treatment

7 Day treatment

14 Day treatment

Campesterol (mg/L)

1.15 ± 0.05 a

1.53 ± 0.09 b

1.79 ± 0.19 bc

1.73 ± 0.13 c

β-Sitosterol (mg/L)

4.11 ± 0.30 a

6.08 ± 0.56 b

6.80 ± 0.49 bc

7.03 ± 0.39 c

Stigmasterol (mg/L)

6.77 ± 0.41 a

9.35 ± 0.59 b

10.94 ± 1.66 bc

10.88 ± 1.08 c

  1. Data are mean ± standard deviation values of nine measurements from three biological replicates and three technical replicates of the control group and the 10 µM melatonin treatment groups on days 0, 7, and 14. Superscript characters (a, b, and c) indicate statistically significant differences between the control and melatonin treatment groups by using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by the Mann-Whitney test as a post hoc analysis with Bonferroni’s correction (p < 0.0083)