Table 1 Relative yields of significantly altered metabolites of L. aequinoctialis culture cultivated under various melatonin treatment timings

Alcohols

1

Glycerol

33.58 ± 3.39 ^a

51.27 ± 8.61 ^b

43.06 ± 6.22 ^bc

35.39 ± 7.85 ^ac

2

Glycerol-3-phosphate

82.22 ± 32.72 ^a

187.21 ± 13.05 ^b

198.58 ± 11.82 ^b

202.45 ± 9.99 ^b

3

myo-Inositol

104.26 ± 7.32 ^a

139.06 ± 7.52 ^b

146.63 ± 17.42 ^bc

154.66 ± 12.45 ^c

4

myo-Inositol phosphate

63.31 ± 36.72 ^a

198.98 ± 20.79 ^b

249.53 ± 17.46 ^c

256.15 ± 14.92 ^c

Amino acids

5

α-Alanine

124.65 ± 20.98 ^a

386.87 ± 158.23 ^b

283.65 ± 93.50 ^b

265.03 ± 20.05 ^b

6

β-Alanine

15.98 ± 5.93 ^a

30.51 ± 2.23 ^b

34.28 ± 4.82 ^bc

34.87 ± 3.13 ^c

7

Asparagine

708.43 ± 59.66 ^a

600.72 ± 62.76 ^b

584.24 ± 86.45 ^b

615.67 ± 72.98 ^ab

8

Aspartic acid

204.76 ± 62.84 ^a

241.07 ± 26.97 ^a

306.24 ± 27.47 ^b

346.88 ± 33.43 ^b

9

Cysteine

27.35 ± 8.46 ^a

67.80 ± 19.07 ^b

47.99 ± 10.29 ^b

27.91 ± 3.35 ^a

10

Glutamic acid

410.33 ± 163.28 ^a

737.62 ± 81.56 ^b

1190.60 ± 138.67 ^c

1105.45 ± 141.13 ^c

11

Glutamine

1210.58 ± 106.67 ^a

1366.30 ± 85.90 ^b

1555.85 ± 97.76 ^c

1583.48 ± 101.98 ^c

12

Glycine

23.92 ± 4.75 ^a

58.76 ± 15.58 ^b

53.31 ± 10.90 ^bc

44.62 ± 4.83 ^c

13

Isoleucine

50.20 ± 6.79 ^a

83.41 ± 14.77 ^b

87.73 ± 23.49 ^b

85.87 ± 4.54 ^b

14

Phenylalanine

76.36 ± 9.52 ^a

112.13 ± 8.53 ^b

118.47 ± 27.72 ^bc

91.43 ± 11.54 ^c

15

Proline

72.20 ± 9.44 ^a

98.67 ± 15.34 ^b

86.77 ± 19.93 ^ab

72.29 ± 5.19 ^a

16

Pyroglutamic acid

326.03 ± 38.37 ^a

413.59 ± 25.60 ^b

443.75 ± 29.62 ^b

562.92 ± 28.86 ^c

17

Serine

198.86 ± 55.15 ^a

392.42 ± 32.94 ^b

398.42 ± 43.00 ^bc

436.42 ± 22.15 ^c

18

Threonine

126.06 ± 20.19 ^a

196.87 ± 17.81 ^b

211.60 ± 33.80 ^b

206.63 ± 18.38 ^b

19

Valine

271.53 ± 41.43 ^a

406.61 ± 38.53 ^b

399.42 ± 57.66 ^b

387.16 ± 18.16 ^b

Fatty acids

20

Linoleic acid

28.04 ± 3.91 ^a

36.75 ± 3.13 ^b

40.37 ± 5.98 ^bc

42.00 ± 3.18 ^c

21

α-Linolenic acid

38.88 ± 8.43 ^a

56.98 ± 7.18 ^b

63.73 ± 9.00 ^bc

67.03 ± 4.99 ^c

22

Palmitic acid

88.81 ± 13.69 ^a

125.59 ± 11.07 ^b

137.83 ± 17.68 ^bc

147.98 ± 12.97 ^c

23

Stearic acid

13.87 ± 2.04 ^a

17.17 ± 2.43 ^ab

15.95 ± 2.46 ^ab

16.89 ± 1.55 ^b

Organic acids

24

2-Keto-L-gluconic acid

81.94 ± 5.87 ^a

105.42 ± 4.29 ^b

113.85 ± 15.58 ^b

104.13 ± 8.97 ^b

25

3-Hydroxymethylglutaric acid

18.01 ± 2.70

16.92 ± 4.50

19.92 ± 7.86

19.62 ± 10.97

26

Citric acid

28.15 ± 5.78 ^a

45.17 ± 2.76 ^b

68.68 ± 27.84 ^b

55.00 ± 7.71 ^b

27

Erythronic acid

15.45 ± 1.95 ^a

20.62 ± 1.46 ^b

22.17 ± 1.94 ^b

21.12 ± 1.13 ^b

28

Fumaric acid

83.89 ± 6.25 ^a

103.02 ± 5.87 ^b

104.20 ± 11.74 ^b

101.72 ± 7.23 ^b

29

Glyceric acid

6.00 ± 0.60 ^a

8.94 ± 1.70 ^b

8.23 ± 1.70 ^b

7.65 ± 0.90 ^b

30

Malic acid

70.20 ± 10.57 ^a

81.88 ± 6.79 ^ab

87.66 ± 9.54 ^b

91.95 ± 11.75 ^b

31

Suberylglycine

147.28 ± 65.14 ^ab

150.67 ± 13.52 ^a

113.34 ± 25.98 ^b

103.62 ± 19.48 ^b

32

Succinic acid

20.01 ± 1.96 ^a

35.22 ± 8.20 ^b

33.56 ± 9.97 ^b

30.56 ± 8.64 ^b

Phenolics

33

Caffeic acid

29.03 ± 9.12 ^a

43.04 ± 3.82 ^b

50.04 ± 1.55 ^c

46.77 ± 3.09 ^bc

34

Ferulic acid

38.45 ± 5.93 ^a

55.67 ± 4.43 ^b

71.93 ± 6.58 ^c

70.98 ± 7.12 ^c

Phytosterols

35

Campesterol

17.89 ± 1.35 ^a

27.89 ± 3.13 ^b

33.88 ± 3.91 ^c

34.03 ± 3.00 ^c

36

β-Sitosterol

21.06 ± 2.21 ^a

32.51 ± 3.33 ^b

33.33 ± 2.94 ^b

35.14 ± 1.49 ^b

37

Stigmasterol

42.85 ± 3.80 ^a

64.01 ± 6.02 ^b

74.88 ± 11.80 ^b

73.52 ± 7.03 ^b

Sugars

38

Fructose

5586.76 ± 303.12 ^a

7693.24 ± 706.59 ^b

8643.45 ± 1656.10 ^b

7639.69 ± 868.16 ^b

39

Glucose

8542.64 ± 667.92 ^a

14041.98 ± 1668.34 ^b

15817.30 ± 3482.88 ^b

14053.77 ± 2156.23 ^b

40

Maltose

28.31 ± 4.50 ^a

40.90 ± 7.91 ^b

31.12 ± 5.87 ^ab

32.16 ± 1.94 ^a

41

Sucrose

8275.61 ± 706.61 ^a

10322.61 ± 378.96 ^b

12694.17 ± 1431.94 ^c

11550.38 ± 1058.55 ^bc

Others

42

γ-Aminobutyric acid

1432.07 ± 89.37 ^a

2313.63 ± 415.02 ^b

1732.92 ± 329.06 ^ac

1823.45 ± 79.58 ^c

43

Ascorbic acid

362.64 ± 143.07 ^a

716.92 ± 37.00 ^b

741.59 ± 92.36 ^b

843.98 ± 36.24 ^c

44

γ-Hydroxybutyric acid

2.75 ± 0.32 ^a

3.67 ± 2.44 ^ab

5.76 ± 3.25 ^b

3.88 ± 0.22 ^ab

45

Neophytadiene

19.19 ± 2.14 ^a

29.54 ± 3.25 ^b

35.49 ± 5.19 ^bc

35.88 ± 3.33 ^c

46

Phosphoric acid

4605.85 ± 652.81 ^ab

5073.14 ± 382.64 ^a

4356.42 ± 1260.23 ^ab

4186.10 ± 243.49 ^b

47

Serotonin

418.00 ± 47.04 ^a

534.61 ± 62.80 ^b

604.30 ± 87.23 ^b

539.41 ± 80.05 ^b

48

Threonic acid

56.48 ± 4.76 ^a

56.14 ± 2.57 ^a

59.38 ± 11.92 ^a

40.63 ± 2.17 ^b

49

Tryptamine

145.21 ± 26.82 ^a

206.89 ± 7.94 ^b

215.64 ± 24.65 ^b

194.87 ± 13.04 ^b