Table 4 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for root traits of wheat cultivars analyzed under water-limited conditions

Median Number of Roots

0.018 ns

0.32 ns

1.05***

0.51 ns

Maximum Number of Roots

3.68***

39.50 ns

2.22**

2.35 ns

Number of Root tips

3074.9***

11.4 ns

66.1***

30.8 ns

Total Root Length (mm)

3124 ns

4768 ns

32530***

12542**

Depth (mm)

5.84 ns

36.76 ns

134.00**

82.54 ns

Maximum Width (mm)

7610***

3266***

1440***

597*

Width to Depth Ratio

1.20 ns

1.96 ns

1.85 ns

1.38 ns

Network Area (mm²)

62924***

25774***

18779***

6953***

Convex Area (mm²)

113,046 ns

841,493 ns

2.66e+ 6***

1.33e+ 6 ns

Solidity

0.0038 ns

0.0046 ns

0.003***

0.0015 ns

Lower Root Area (mm²)

9755*

1720 ns

3499*

3613*

Average Diameter (mm)

0.18**

0.07*

0.03***

0.02*

Median Diameter (mm)

0.073***

0.09***

0.02**

0.01 ns

Maximum Diameter (mm)

11.09 ns

2.43 ns

3.73 ns

5.81**

Perimeter (mm)

1.93 ns

15,388.28 ns

113,654.24***

44,774.66*

Volume (mm³)

3463 ns

113,688 ns

69869*

92674***

Surface Area (mm²)

741225***

318456**

252319***

120016***

Average Root Orientation (deg)

22.45 ns

4.72 ns

25.36***

14.65 ns

Shallow Angle Frequency

0.008 ns

0.004 ns

0.008***

0.004 ns

Medium Angle Frequency

0.002 ns

0.004 ns

0.004***

0.002 ns

Steep Angle Frequency

0.02***

4.94e-5 ns

9.68e-4*

9.16e-4*

Root Length Diameter (mm)

5277 ns

3868 ns

32154***

12321*

Projected Area Diameter (mm)

127581***

25098**

21751***

7110**

Surface Area Diameter (mm)

1.26e+ 6***

247701**

214674***

70178**

Volume Diameter (mm)

206211***

40737***

17647***

5774**