Fig. 8

A schematic illustration of sampling and measurements during and after temperature treatment. High temperature (mean daytime/nighttime temperatures, 37/27 °C) and control (31/27 °C) were imposed for 28 consecutive days. During the temperature treatments, spikelets and anther were collected for microscopic observations at 17 days (stage 8b), 19 days (stage 9), 21 days (stage 10), 24 days (stage 11) and 28 days (stage 13), respectively. Pollen viability and spikelet size were analyzed at 28 days. Anther was sampled for measurement of anther dehiscence rate and pollen shedding percentage of the anthers at heading stage; at maturity, plants were collected for determination of yield and yield components, biomass, spikelet fertility and grain size. SEM, scanning electron microscopy; TEM, transmission electron microscopy